北京外国语大学英语语言文学应用专业基础英语样题.docx
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北京外国语大学英语语言文学应用专业基础英语样题.docx
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北京外国语大学英语语言文学应用专业基础英语样题
北京外国语大学
2011年英语语言文学专业基础英语试卷(样题)
PartIGRAMMAR
A、CorrectErrors
Thepassagecontainstenerrors.Eachindicatedlinecontainsamaximumofoneerror.Ineachcase,onlyONEwordisinvolved.Youshouldproofreadthepassageandcorrectitinthefollowingway:
b5E2R。
Forawrongword,underlinethewrongwordandwritethecorrectoneintheblankprovidedattheendoftheline.p1Ean。
Foramissingword,markthepositionofthemissingwordwitha^andwritethewordwhichyoubelieveismissingintheblankprovidedattheendoftheline.DXDiT。
Foranunnecessaryword,crosstheunnecessarywordwithaslash/andputthewordintheblankprovidedattheendoftheline.RTCrp。
Theelderlywhofindsgreatrewardsandsatisfactions
(1)___________5PCzV。
Intheirlaterlivesareasmallminorityinthiscountry.ButtheyjLBHr。
Doexist.Theyarethe"agedelite".Itismoststrikingaboutthese
(2)___________xHAQX。
Peopleistheircapacityforgrowth.WhenArthurRobinsonwasLDAYt。
Eighty,someonetoldhimthathewasplyingpianobetterthan(3)___________Zzz6Z。
Ever."Ithinkso,"heagreed."NowItakechancesInevertookdvzfv。
Before.Iwasusedtobesomuchmorecareful.Nowrongnotes.(4)___________rqyn1。
Nottooboldideas.NowIletgoandenjoymyselfandtobewith(5)___________Emxvx。
Everythingbesidesthemusic."AnotherreasonforthesuccessofSixE2。
Theagedelitearethetraitstheyformedearlierintheirlives.A(6)___________6ewMy。
Sixty-eight-yearoldwoman,threetimesmarriedandwidowed,kavU4。
Says,"It'snotjustwhatyoudowhenyou'repastsixty-five.It'swhaty6v3A。
Youdidallyourlifewhichmatters.Ifyouhavelivedafulllife,(7)__________M2ub6。
Developedyourmind,youwillbeabletouseitpastsixty-five.0YujC。
Alongfranknesscomeshumor.Asenseofhumorisan(8)___________eUts8。
aidpeopleusetocopewithtension."Humor,"saysDr.Barren,sQsAE。
"alsoleadsyoutojoinwithotherpeople.TherearetwowaystoGMsIa。
Dealwithstress.Weeitherreachoutorwithdraw.Thereachers(9)___________TIrRG。
seekoutotherpeopletosharetheirproblemsinsteadofpulling7EqZc。
away."Growing,active,humorous,sharing-theseareallqualitieslzq7I。
whichdescribetheagedelite.(10)__________zvpge。
PartIIREADINGCOMPREHENSION
B.MultipleChoice
PleasereadthefollowingpassagesandchooseA,B,CorDtobestcompletethestatementsaboutthem.NrpoJ。
ThePerilsofEfficiency
Thisspring,disasterloomedintheglobalfoodmarket.Precipitousincreasesinthepricesofstapleslikerice(upmorethanahundredandfiftypercentinafewmonths)andmaizeprovokedfoodriots,toppledgovernments,andthreatenedthelivesoftensofmillions.Buttheburstingofthecommoditybubbleeasedthosepressures,andfoodprices,whilestillhigh,havecomewellofftheastronomicallevelstheyhitinApril.ForAmericans,thedropincommoditypriceshasputafewmorebucksinpeople'spockets;inmuchofthedevelopingworld,itmayhavesavedmanyfromactuallystarving.Sodidtheglobalfinancialcrisissolvetheglobalfoodcrisis?
1nowf。
Temporarily,perhaps.Buttherecentpricedropdoesn'tprovideanylong-termrespitefromthethreatoffoodshortagesorfuturepricespikes.Norhasitreassuredanyoneaboutthehealthoftheglobalagriculturalsystem,whichthecrisisrevealedasdangerouslyunstable.FourdecadesaftertheGreenRevolution,andafterwavesofmarketreformsintendedtotransformagriculturalproduction,we'restillhavingahardtimeinsuringthatpeoplesimplygetenoughtoeat,andweseemtobemorevulnerabletosupplyshocksthanever.fjnFL。
Itwasn'tsupposedtobethisway.Overthepasttwodecades,countriesaroundtheworldhavemovedawayfromtheirfocuson"foodsecurity"andhandedmarketforcesagreaterroleinshapingagriculturalpolicy.Beforethenineteen-eighties,developingcountrieshadso-called"agriculturalmarketingboards,"whichwouldbuycommoditiesfromfarmersatfixedprices(priceshighenoughtokeepfarmersfarming),andthenstoretheminstrategicreservesthatcouldbeusedintheeventofbadharvestsorsoaringimportprices.Butintheeightiesandnineties,oftenaspartofstructural-adjustmentprogramsimposedbytheI.M.F.ortheWorldBank,manymarketingboardswereeliminatedorcutback,andgrainreserves,deemedinefficientandunnecessary,weresoldoff.Inthesameway,structural-adjustmentprogramsoftendidawaywithgovernmentinvestmentinandsubsidiestoagriculture—mostnotably,subsidiesforthingslikefertilizersandhigh-yieldseeds.tfnNh。
Thelogicbehindthesereformswassimple:
themarketwouldallocateresourcesmoreefficientlythangovernment,leadingtogreaterproductivity.Farmers,insteadofgrowingsubsidizedmaizeandwheatathighcost,couldconcentrateoncashcrops,likecashewsandchocolate,andusethemoneytheymadetobuystaplefoods.Ifacountrycouldn'tcompeteintheglobaleconomy,productionwouldmigratetocountriesthatcould.Itwasalsoassumedthat,oncegovernmentssteppedoutoftheway,privateinvestmentwouldfloodintoagriculture,boostingperformance.Andinternationalaidseemedamoreefficientwayofrelievingfoodcrisesthanrelyingoncountriestomaintainsurplusesandfood-securityprograms,whicharewastefulandcostly.HbmVN。
This"marketization"ofagriculturehasnot,tobesure,beenfullycarriedthrough.Subsidiesarestillendemicinrichcountriesandpoor,whiledevelopingcountriesoftenplacetariffsonimportedfood,whichbenefittheirfarmersbutdriveuppricesforconsumers.Andinextremecircumstancescountriesrestrictexports,hoardingfoodfortheirowncitizens.Nonetheless,weclearlyhavealeaner,moremarket-friendlyagriculturalsystemthanbefore.Itlooks,infact,abitlikeglobalmanufacturing,withlowinventories(wheatstocksareattheirlowestsince1977),concentratedproduction(threecountriesprovideninetypercentofcornexports,andfivecountriesprovideeightypercentofriceexports),andfewerredundancies.Governmentshaveamuchsmallerrole,andpublicspendingonagriculturehasbeencutsharply.V7l4j。
Theproblemisthat,whilethissystemisundeniablymoreefficient,it'salsomuchmorefragile.Badweatherinjustafewcountriescanwreakhavocacrosstheentiresystem.Whenpricesspikeastheydidthisspring(forreasonsthatnowseemnotentirelyobvious),theresultisfoodshortagesandmalnutritioninpoorercountries,sincetheyarefarmoredependentonimportsandhavefewfoodreservestodrawon.And,whilehigherpricesandmarketreformsweresupposedtobringaboominagriculturalproductivity,globalcropyieldsactuallyroselessbetween1990and2007thantheydidintheprevioustwentyyears,inpartbecauseinmanydevelopingcountriesprivate-sectoragriculturalinvestmentnevermaterialized,whilethecutbacksingovernmentspendingleftthemwithfeebleinfrastructures.83lcP。
Thesechangesdidnotcausetherisingpricesofthepastcoupleofyears,buttheyhavemadethemmoredamaging.Theoldemphasisonfoodsecuritywasundoubtedlycostly,andoftenwasteful.Buttheredundanciesitcreatedalsohadtremendousvaluewhenthingswentwrong.Andonesurethingaboutasystemascomplexasagricultureisthatthingswillgowrong,oftenwithdevastatingconsequences.Ifthejust-in-timesystemforproducingcarsrunsintoahitchandthesupplyofcarsshrinksforawhile,peoplecaneasilyadapt.Whenthesamehappenswithfood,peoplegohungryorevenstarve.Thatdoesn'tmeanthatweneedtoembracepricecontrolsorcollectivefarms,andtherearesensiblemarketreforms,likedoingawaywithimporttariffs,thatwouldmakedeveloping-countryconsumersbetteroff.ButafewweeksagoBillClinton,noenemyofmarketreform,gotitrightwhenhesaidthatweshouldhelpcountriesachieve"maximumagriculturalself-sufficiency."Insteadofamoreefficientsystem,weshouldbetryingtobuildamorereliableone.mZkkl。
(1)Whatcanbelearnedfromthefirstparagraph?
[A]Globalfinancialcrisisdestablizedgovernments.AVktR。
[B]Foodriotsresultedfromskyrockeingfoodbills.ORjBn。
[C]Financialcrisisworsensfoodcrisis.
[D]Foodpricessurgedby150%inApril.
(2)Thefoodcrisisrevealedtheglobalagriculturalsystemas__________.2MiJT。
[A]fragile
[B]unresponsive
[C]costly
[D]unbearable
(3)Accordingtothethirdparagraph,structural-adjustmentprograms__________.gIiSp。
[A]intendedtocopewithpoorharvests
[B]wereintroducedaspartof"marketforces"policiesuEh0U。
[C]removedpricecontrolsandstatesubsidies
[D]encouragedcountriestofocusonfoodsecurityIAg9q。
(4)Themarketizationofagricultureprobablymeans__________WwghW。
[A]privateinvestmentfloodsintoagriculture
[B]marketforcesprovideefficiencyinagricultureasfps。
[C]agriculturalpolicyworkswiththefreemarketsystemooeyY。
[D]agriculturalproductionisfreefromgovernmentinterventionBkeGu。
(5)WhichofthefollowingisNOTafeatureoftheexistingagriculturalsystem?
PgdO0。
[A]Reducedgovernmentspending.
[B]Concentratedproduction.
[C]Self-sufficiency.
[D]Lowwheatstocks.
(6)Inthelastparagraph,theunderlinedpart"theredundancies"probablyreferto__________.3cdXw。
[A]High-yieldseeds
[B]Grainreserves
[C]Cashcrops
[D]Cornimports
MindingtheInequalityGap
Duringthefirst70yearsofthe20thcentury,inequalitydeclinedandAmericansprosperedtogether.Overthelast30years,bycontrast,theUnitedStatesdevelopedthemostunequaldistributionofincomeandwagesofanyhigh-incomecountry.h8c52。
Someanalystsseethegulfbetweentherichandtherestasanincentiveforstrivers,orasjustthewaythingsare.Othersseeitashavi
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