上海外国语大学英语语言文学语言学全真模拟题.docx
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上海外国语大学英语语言文学语言学全真模拟题.docx
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上海外国语大学英语语言文学语言学全真模拟题
上海外国语大学英语语言文学
语言学全真模拟题
I.Defineeachofthefollowingconceptsandtheories:
(36points)
1.IPA
2.Duality
3.Vowelglide
4.Complementarydistribution
5.Illustraterootandstem
6.IllustratetheNUMBERissuewithbothEnglishandChineselexicalitems.
7.Computationallinguistics
8.LaurenceHorn’sQ-andR-principles.
9.Listatleastfourcomponentsofacommunicativesyllabus.
II.Fillintheblankswiththewordsthataremostappropriateinthegivencontext.(16points)
1.InAustin’sHowtoDoThingswithword,hefirstdistinguishes________and______.LateronAustinmadeafreshstarttodistinguish______,_______and________.
2._______isabranchoflinguisticswhichisthestudyofpsychologicalaspectsoflanguage.Asan______academicfield,itinvestigatesthefollowingmajorsubjects:
________,_______and_______.
3.Wordscanbeclassifiedas_______and______words;_____wordsand______words,______-classwordsand_____-classwords.
III.Answerthefollowingquestions.(24points)
1.Describewithtreediagramsthetransformationsinvolvedinformingthequestion“DoesJohnlikethebook?
”
2.Stateandinterpretthesenserelationswithexamples.
IV.Answerthefollowingquestionsandtrytoelaboratethepointsindicatedinquestionswiththeknowledgeyouhaveacquired.(24points)
ExplainthedifferencesbetweentheChineseandEnglishculturesbyillustratingoneaspectoflife,whichisrichinChinesebutlimitedinEnglish,andviceversa.
Ⅴ.Discussthefollowingquestionwithexamples(50points)
1.WhatarethemethodsfortheadditionofnewwordsintheEnglishlanguage?
2.Whenateachersays“it’shotinhere”duringaclass,whatdoessheprobablymean?
Refertothetheoryofpragmaticswhenyouanalyzethesituation.
References
ⅠDefineeachofthefollowingconceptsandtheories:
(36points)
1.IPAreferstotheacronymoftheInternationalPhoneticAssociation(1897)whosefirsttitlewasPhoneticTeachersAssociationestablishedbyasmallgroupoflanguageteachersinFranceinordertopopularizetheirteachingpracticeormethods.(2分)ItalsostandsfortheInternationalPhoneticAlphabet(theIPAchart)firstproposedbytheDanishgrammarianandphoneticianOttoJespersonin1886,whosefirstversionwaspublishedin1888.(2分)
(本题主要考查语音学中国际音标的起源)
2.Duality:
thestructuralorganizationoflanguageintotwoabstractlevels:
meaningfulunits(e.g.words)andmeaninglesssegments(e.g.sounds,letters).(3分)Itisoneofhumanlanguage’sdesignfeatures.(1分)
(本题考查人类语言设计特征的二重性)
3.Vowelglide:
vowelthatinvolveachangeofquality,(2分)includingdiphthones,whenasinglemovementofthetongueismade,andtriphthones,whereadoublemovementisperceived.(2分)
(本题主要考查滑元音,包括双元音滑元音和三元音滑元音)
4.Complementarydistribution:
whentwosoundsneveroccurtothesameenvironment,theyareincomplementarydistribution.(3分)Forexample,theaspiratedEnglishplosivesneveroccurafter[s],andunaspiratedonesneveroccurinitially.(1分)
(本题考查音位学的互补分布特征的本质)
5.Rootreferstothebaseformofawordthatcannotbefurtheranalyzedwithoutlossofidentity.Forexample,itisthatpartofthewordwhichisleftwhenalltheaffixesareremoved.(1分)Inthewordinternationalism,aftertheremovalofinter-,-al,-ism,thepartleftistherootnation.Apparently,allwordscontainarootmorpheme.Androotscanbefurtherclassifiedintofreerootmorphemeandboundrootmorpheme.(1分)
Stemisanymorphemeorcombinationsofmorphemestowhichaninflectionalaffixcanbeadded.(1分)Forinstance,friend-infriends,andfriendshipinfriendshipsarebothstems.Theformershowsthatastemmaybethesameasaroot,whereasthelattershowsthatastemmaycontainsarootandone,ormorethanone,derivationalaffix.Inanotherword,friendshipisastem,butnotaroot.(1分)
(本题考查词根和词干的定义及其异同)
6.InEnglishtheNUMBERlexicalitemsareregularandpopularsuffixwhichcanbeaddedtotheverbsandnounsthatdistinguishthesingularnumber(oneoronegrouporpart),pluralform(morethanone).InEnglishnouns,wehavebook/books,pen/pens,hero/heroes,eachoftheformerindicatingthesingularform(withnosuffixorzerosuffix),whilethelatterreferstothepluralform,withthesuffix(e)s.ThereareirregularformsinEnglishpronouns,suchaI/we,me/us,my/us,soon,indicatingthedistinctionbetweenthesingularformandpluralform.Englishverbhaspresenttensethethirdpersonsingular,forinstance,Maryworks,MaryteachesFrench.Englishverbsalsohastheirregular,forinstance,have/has,am/is/are,whicharenotlargeinamountbutfixedinusage.(2分)
InContrast,ChinesehasfewlexicalitemstoindicatethegrammaticalcategoryNUMBER,suchasstudents(学生们),children(孩子们),workers(工人们),indicatinghumanbeings’pluralforms,orprofessions.Thisseldomoccurstothenounsreferringtonon-humanthings,suchas桌子们,椅子们withtheexceptionthattheyareusedinscientificfictionorchildren’sfairies.Chinesehassingularandpluraldistinctioninpronounsforexample,我/我们,他/他们,你/你们.InChinese,wehaveafewexpressionsDUALintermsofunits,suchas一双,一副,一对,一套.Incontrast,Englishhasonly“apairof”,“acouple”.
ThereisnodistinctioninthenumberofChineseverbs.(2分)
(本题考查句法学中的汉语和英语在语法范畴“数”的异同及其各自的特点)
7.Horn’sQ-principle:
TheQ-principle(Hearer-based):
MAKEYOURCONTRIBUTION(cf.Quantity1)
SAYASMUCHASYOUCAN(givenR)(2分)
R-principle:
TheR-principle(Speaker-based):
MAKEYOURCONTRIBUTIONNECESSARY(cf.Relation,Quantity2Manner)
SAYNOMORETHANYOUMUST(givenQ)(2分)
(本题主要考查语用学理论的新发展——后格赖斯时期理论)
8.Computationallinguisticsisabranchofappliedlinguistics,dealingwithcomputerprocessingofhumanlanguage.(2分)Itincludesprogrammedinstruction,speechsynthesisandrecognition,automatictranslation,andcomputermediatedcommunication.(2分)
(本题考查应用语言学中计算语言学的定义)
9.Communicativesyllabusaimsatthelearners’communicativecompetence.(1分)ThissyllabuswassummarizedbyYalden(1983)withtencomponentsasfollows:
(1分)
(1).asdetailedaconsiderationaspossibleofthepurposesforwhichthelearnerswishtoacquirethetargetlanguage.
(2).someideaofthesettinginwhichtheywillwanttousethetargetlanguage(physicalaspectsneedtobeconsidered,aswellassocialsetting);(1分)
(3).thesociallydefinedrolethelearnerswillassumeinthetargetlanguage,aswellastherolesoftheirinterlocuters.
(4).thecommunicativeeventsinwhichthelearnerswillparticipate:
everydaysituations,vocationalorprofessionalsituations,academicsituations,andsoon.(1分)
(5).thelanguagefunctionsinvolvedintheseevents,orwhatthelearnerwillneedtobeabletodowithorthroughthelanguage;
(6).thenotionsinvolved,orthatthelearnerwillneedtobeabletotalkabout;
(7).theskillsinvolvedinthe“knittingtogether”ofdiscourse:
discourseandrhetoricalskills.
(8).thevarietyorvarietiesofthetargetlanguagethatwillbeneeded,andthelevelsinthespokenandwrittenlanguagewhichthelearnerswillneedtoreach;
(9).thegrammaticalcontentthatwillbeneeded;
(10).thelexicalcontentthatwillbeneeded.
(本题考查应用语言学中语言教学中交际教学大纲的特征,选择4种就得满分4分)
Ⅱ.Fillintheblankswiththewordsthataremostappropriateinthegivencontext.(16points)
1.performatives,constatives,locutionaryact,illocutionaryact,perlocutionaryact.(5分)
(本题考查语用学中言语行为理论的起源及奥斯汀对自己的理论的提出及其阐述)
2.psycholinguistics,interdisciplinary,acquisition,production,production(5分)
(本题考查应用语言学中心理语言学的定义及其特征)
3.variable,invariable,grammatical(functional/structural),lexical(content/notional),open,closed(6分)
(本题考查从不同角度出发对词类进行的不同分类,属于词汇学或形态学范畴)
ⅢAnswerthefollowingquestionsandtrytoelaboratethepointsindicatedinquestionswiththeknowledgeyouhaveacquired.(24points)
1.Describewithtreediagramsthetransformationsinvolvedinformingthequestion“DoesJohnlikethebook?
”
1.ThefirstdiagramisshowstheD-structureandthesecondtheS-structure.
CP
CS
NPVP
VNP
Det.N
Johndoeslikethebook?
”
(12分)
(本题考查树型图在转换生成语法理论的地位及其对句子结构和句子成分之间的关系)
2Stateandinterpretthesenserelationswithexamples.
Therearethreesenserelations:
samenessrelation,oppositenessrelationandinclusivenessrelation.(4分)
Synonymyisthetechnicalnameforthesamenessrelation.Englishisrichinsynonyms.e.g.buy/purchase;world/universe;wide/broad,autumn/fall.(1分)InChinese,“父亲”和“爸爸”,“打死”,“搞死”,“整死”,“弄死”,“掐死”,“玩死”andsoon,totalsynonymyisrare.(1分)
Antonymyisthenameforoppositenessrelationwhosethreemainsub-typesaregradableantonymy(old/young;long/short);complementaryantonymy(alive/dead,pass/fail,odd/even)andconverseantonymy(husband/wife,parent/child,over/under)(4分)
Thenotionofinclusivenesscanbeseeninthefollowingexample.Themeaningofdeskisincludedinthatoffurniture.Hyponymyisamatterofclassmembership.Theupperterminthissenserelation,theclassname,iscalledSUPERORDINANT,andthelowerterms,themembers,hyponyms.Anotherclassicalexampleis,flower/poeny,tulip,violet,carnation.(2分)
(本题考查词汇学或语义学知识,从同义关系,反义关系和上下义关系三个角度解释了主要意义关系,这里主要解释了词或词组之间的关系;而句子之间的关系也是一种意义关系,只是更加复杂,例如,同义反复关系,e.g.Wariswar.;前提关系,矛盾关系,衍推关系等等,更复杂)
ⅣAnswerthefollowingquestionsandtrytoelaboratethepointsindicatedinquestionswiththeknowledgeyouhaveacquired.(24points)
ExplainthedifferencesbetweentheChineseandEnglishculturesbyillustratingoneaspectoflife,whichisrichinChinesebutlimitedinEnglish,andviceversa.
Differentculturefeature—betheyenvironmental,material,orsocial—producedifferentlinguisticfeatures.(4分)1)Oneaspectof
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