跨文化交际上课内容unit2.docx
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跨文化交际上课内容unit2.docx
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跨文化交际上课内容unit2
✋HomeworkofUnit1:
Whatarestumblingblocksininterculturalcommunication?
Howtoovercometheseblocks?
UnitTwoCultureandCommunication
I.WarmUp
Pleasereadthestoryonpage38,thenanswerthequestions:
1.WhywasTomconsideredarudehostbyhisvisitors?
2.HowcanyouexplainthefactthatTomismisunderstoodwhenheactuallywantstobekindandfriendlytothevisitors?
II.Reading
1.Readthearticleof“WhatIsCulture”.Whatcanyoulearnaboutculturefromit?
Pleaseanswerthequestionsfollowed?
&Supplement:
Maslow’sHierarchyofNeedsTheory(p41)
Whatisculture?
OriginsofcultureinEnglishandChinese
(1)“Culture”isaloanwordfromLatinmeaning“cultivatingortilling种田theland”.Itwasoriginallyassociatedwithphysicalactivitiesandproductionoffood.Later,itsmeaningwasextendedtoincludemental,moral,aesthetic美学,educationalandintellectualactivities.IncontemporaryEnglishitsoriginalmeaningisstillretained保留.
(2)“文化”isanativeword本族词inChinese.“文”and“化”wereusedtogetherintheWarringStates战国.“人文”in“观乎人文,以化成天下”referstotheinterwoven互相编织relationshipsbetweenthemonarch君主andhissubjects,fathersandsons,husbandsandwives,brothersandfriends,and“化”means“changingand/orcultivating”.Whenusedtogether,“文”and“化”mean“以文教化”.TheywerecombinedintoonewordinHanDynasty,withitsmeaningcontrastedwith“nature”ononehandand“primitiveness”原始and“savage”未开化,野蛮ontheotherhand.So“文化”wasoriginallyassociatedwithmentalactivities.
1.Definition
Theterm“culture”doesnotcorrespond一致perfectlywith“文化”.Forexamples:
他没有文化(Heisilliterate.)
“Whatreallybinds捆绑mentogetheristheirculture---theideasandthestandardstheyhaveincommon.”
—R.Benedict
AccordingtoTheConciseOxfordDictionary,cultureis“theartsandothermanifestations表现ofhumanintellectualachievementregardedcollectively”.
DefiningCulturefromtheAnthropologicalPerspective人类学观点:
♦“Cultureconsistsofpatterns,explicit明确andimplicit含蓄,ofandforbehavioracquiredandtransmittedbysymbols,constituting组成thedistinctive有特色的achievementofhumangroups,includingtheirembodiments体现inartifacts史前古器物;theessentialcoreofcultureconsistsoftraditionalideasandespeciallytheirattachedvalues”.
-----KroeberandKluckhohn
DefiningCulturefromthePsychologicalPerspective
♦cultureis"thecollectiveprogrammingofthemindwhichdistinguishesthemembersofonecategory种类ofpeoplefromanother".
----GeertHofstede
DefiningCulturefromtheSociologicalPerspective
♦“Cultureisdefinedasapatternoflearned,group-relatedperception—includingbothverbal口头andnonverballanguageattitudes,values,beliefsystem信念系统,disbeliefsystems,andbehavior”.
DefiningCulturefromtheInterculturalPerspective
♦“Cultureisasystemofsharedbeliefs,values,customs,behavioursandartifactsthataretransmittedfromgenerationtogenerationthroughlearning.”
----[BatesandPlog]
Therearealtogethernolessthan250definitionsofculturebyscholarsfromseveraldifferentfields.Despiteso,almostallscholarsagreethatculturehastwosenses:
thebroadsense广义andthenarrowsense.
A.Cultureinitsbroadsense
Cultureistheattribute特质ofman,or,whateverdistinguishesmanfromtherestpartoftheworldisculture.Basedonthis,Prof.LinDajinprovidesaChinesecounterpart副本definition:
文化是人类区别于动物的综合特征.Itmayincludethefollowingcomponents:
①Materialsmanhasgottosatisfyhisneeds,includingscienceandtechnology,suchasspaceshuttles航天飞机,airplanes,andcars;
②Socialinstitutions社会制度andorganizationsmanhasestablished,includingsocioeconomic社会经济学的institutions体系,politico-legalinstitutions,andreligiousorganizations宗教组织;
③Knowledgeaboutnatureandmanhimselfandartisticdevelopment艺术发展,includingvarioussubjectssuchasmathematics数学andeducation,andartisticformssuchasliterature,painting,musicanddance;
④Languageandothercommunicationsystemssuchasgesturesandfacialexpressions;
⑤Customs,habitsandbehavioralpatterns;
⑥Valuesystems,worldviews,nationaltraits名族性,aestheticstandards审美标准andthinkingpatterns.
Cultureinthissenseisalsocalled“largeCculture”oracademiccultureorculturewithabigC(大写字母的文化).It’scultureingeneral,cultureofallnationalitiesandethnicgroups族群.ButweknowtherearespecificculturessuchasChinese,AmericanandBritish.Accordingtothissense,specificculturecanbedefined(byProf.LinDajin)asthecomprehensivefeaturesthatdistinguishonegroup(beitanation,araceoranysectionofpeople)ofpeoplefromanother(一个民族区别于另一个民族的综合特征).
﹡Dominantcultureandsubculture亚文化群/co-culture共同培养
♦Cultureissubdivided被再分成intodominantculture,mainstreamculture,andsubculture(s),whichcoexist共存withineachculture.
♦Asubcultureresembles似acultureinthatitusuallyencompasses包含围绕arelativelylargenumberofpeopleandrepresentstheaccumulation积累ofgenerationsofhumanstriving努力奋斗.However,subcultureshavesomeimportantdifferences:
theyexistwithindominantculturesandareoftenbasedoneconomicorsocialclass,ethnicity种族划分,race,orgeographicregion.
Todaythetendencyistosay‘co-culture’andsub-groupstoavoidprejudice.
B.Cultureinitsnarrowsense
It'scalled“smallcculture”oranthropologicalcultureorculturewithasmallc(小写字母的文化).Itcanbedefinedaslifewayofapopulation,Cultureinthissenseemphasizeswhatcharacterizesthewayoflifeofapeople,includingcomponents②,③,④,⑤and⑥,withcomponents②,④,⑤and⑥asthecentralpart.
Somescholarsareinterestedin“largeCculture”whileothersin“smallcculture”,dependingonthepurposeofinvestigation.Weshallfocusoncultureinitsnarrowsense.
﹡CulturalIdentity文化身份文化认同
♦Culturalidentityreferstoone’ssenseofbelongingtoaparticularcultureorethnicgroup.Peopleconsciously有意识地,自觉地identifythemselveswithagroupthathasasharedsystemofsymbolsandmeaningsaswellasnormsforconduct.
2.Properties内容ofculture
(1)Itishumanspecific.
(2)Itisasocialphenomenon(contrastbetweensocietyandnature).Itistheembodiment体现ofhumanknowledge,skillandcooperativelabor.
(3)Itisanationalphenomenonforeachnaturehasitsownculture.
(4)Itisahistoricalphenomenon.Eachculturehassomehistoryandeachgenerationcontributestoit.Butculturewon’tnecessarilyremainthesame.
(5)Itisgeneralandabstract.
2.Culturecanbeviewedasaniceberg.Nine-tenthsofanicebergisoutofsight.Thepartoftheculturalicebergthatisabovethewateriseasytobenoticed.Theotherpartthatishiddenbelowthewaterandisoutsideofconsciousawareness.Itissometimescalled“deepculture”.Butwhatarethethingsinaculturethatcanbesaidtobeaboveorbelowthewater–withinoroutofourawareness?
TheStructureofCulture
3.Readthearticleonpage45-48:
Fromthisarticle,wecanlearntherearethreecharacteristicsofculture–coherent,learned,theviewofagroupofpeople;andtherearethreethingsculturedoes–culturerankswhatisimportant(orculturesteachvaluesorpriorities),culturefurnishesattitudes,andculturedictateshowtobehave.
4.Decidewhetherthefollowingareexamplesofcommunicationsornot?
Why?
1)Youcomplaintoyourinstructoraboutyourcoursecreditsthroughtelephone.
2)TwoblindpeopleexchangeideasinBraille盲文.
3)AGermanbusinessmannegotiates,throughaninterpreter口译,withhisChinesecounterpart.
4)Afarmergivesinstructionstohisploughing耕种cow.
5)Aprogrammerissuescommandstoacomputer.
6)Tomtalkstohimselfwhileflourishinghistoygun.
7)Yousendane-mailmessagetoanAmericanfriend.
8)Janeliesinbedreadinganovel.
TheBasicsofCommunication:
Communicationoccursif:
1.twoormorepeople;2.contact;3.asharedlanguage;4.anexchangeofinformation.
5.Readthearticleof“ElementsofCommunication”.Whataretheelementsofcommunication?
Context:
fouraspects(thephysicalsetting,historicalaspect,psychologicalaspect,cultureaspect)
Participants:
threevariables(relationship,gender,culture)
Messages:
meanings,symbols,encodinganddecoding.
Channels:
themethodusedtodeliveramessage(sound,sight,smell,taste,touch,oranycombinationofthese)
Noise(干扰):
atermusedforfactorsthatinterferewiththeexchangeofmessages,includingexternalnoise,internalnoiseandsemanticnoise.Noiseisinevitable.
Feedback:
theresponseofareceivertoasender’smessage
Pleaseanswerthequestionsfollowed.
&Supplement:
WhatIsCommunication?
Therearealtogether126definitionsofcommunication.AmongthemthemostacceptedonedefinedbyL.A.Samovar,etal.
Definition:
Ø“Communicationmaybedefinedasthatwhichhappenswheneversomeonerespondstothebehaviorortheresidue剩余ofthebehaviorofanotherperson.”
----L.A.Samovar,etal
Afewkeypointsaboutthisdefinition:
Thebehaviorincludesverbalbehavior语言行为andnon-verbalbehavior.Forexample,youmeetanacquaintanceinthestreet.Yousmileandnodtoeachotherwithoututtering发出aword.Thenyourbehaviorisnon-verbal,andyourcommunicationisalsonon-verbal.Soaccordingtothis,communicationcanbedividedintoverbalcommunicationandnon-verbalcommunication.
②Astothemeaningof“behaviorresidue",hereisanexample.Youleaveanotebeforeyougoout,andyourroommateseesitwhencomingbackandwillmakecertainresponse.Thenthisnoteisyourbehaviorresidue.Inthiscase,whetheryourroommatedoessomethingaboutorjustignoresthenote,aslongashereceivesthenote,communicationhappens,butitisnon-simultaneous非同时发生的.Therefore,communicationcanalsobe
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- 文化 交际 上课 内容 unit2