跨文化交际上课内容0910下0506.docx
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跨文化交际上课内容0910下0506.docx
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跨文化交际上课内容0910下0506
Week5&6
Unit4LanguageandCulture
I.DiscussionAssignmentP120
Trytotranslatethephrasesandsummarizethepotentialculturalimplicationsofthecolorterms.
II.LanguageandCulture
(i)LanguageandEnvironment
1.Languageisaninstrument.Worddifferencesareobviousinvariouslanguages.Therelationbetweenwordanditsmeaningisarbitrary.Forexample,inChinese,weliveina房子.InEnglish,weliveinahouse.
2.Languageisevenmoreanenvironment.Ithasasmuchtodowiththephilosophicalandpoliticalconditioningofasocietyasgeographyorclimate.(p121-123)So,wecanseethatabsolutecolordesignations–white,black,red,yellow–arenotmerelyinaccurate;theyhavebecomesymbolicratherthandescriptive.
3.Readoverthearticle“HowtoTalkAbouttheWorld”(p123-127),thenanswerthequestionsonp127.
Fromthisarticlewecanseethatlanguagecategorizestheinformationitdoesfindsignificant.Sowecanregardlanguageasareflectionoftheenvironment.
Theenvironmentinfluencestheappropriatevocabulary;languagereflectstheenvironmentinwhichwelive.
(ii)LanguageandCulture
1.Readoverthearticle“WeAreattheMercyofOurLanguage”(p130-134),thenanswerthequestionsonp134-135.
(1)Languagebecomesourshaperofideas.(Q1)
(2)Howcultureaffectslanguage?
(Q2)
2.Languagereflectsculturalvalues.
3.Therelationshipbetweenlanguageandculture:
Readoverthearticle“LanguageasCommunicationandLanguageasCulture”(p145-148),thenanswerthequestionsonp149.
※Sapir-WhorfHypothesis(p150-153)
abeliefthatthewaypeopleviewtheworldisdeterminedwhollyorpartlybythestructureoftheirnativelanguage.
linguisticdeterministinterpretation---Languagestructurecontrolsthoughtsandculturalnorms.
linguisticrelativityinterpretation---Cultureiscontrolledbyandcontrolslanguage.
III.WordMeanings
Weknowthatwordsrepresentmeaning.Theproblemisthattheymayrepresentseveraltypesofmeaningssimultaneously.
(i)DenotationandConnotation
Pleasereadoverthearticleonpages128-130,thenanswerthequestion:
Whatisdenotation?
Whatisconnotation?
Giveexamplestoshowtheirdifference?
(ii)Sevencategoriesoflexicalmeanings
Thestudyofwordmeaningislexicalsemantics.Thelexicalmeaningscouldbeclassifiedintosevencategories:
conceptualmeaning,connotativemeaning,stylisticmeaning,affectivemeaning,reflectedmeaning,collocativemeaningandthematicmeaning.
1.ConceptualMeaning(概念意义)
Wordsmayrefertoobjectsintherealworld(e.g.dog,book,river,etc.)orabstractconcepts(e.g.life,friendship,hatred,etc.)inourmind.Therelationshipbetweenawordandanobjectintherealworldoraconceptinourmindtowhichtheworldrefersistheconceptualmeaningoftheword.
2.ConnotativeMeaning(内涵意义)
Itisthecommunicativevalueanexpressionhasinadditiontothepurelyconceptualmeaning.Theword“woman”canbedefinedconceptuallyasanadultfemalewhoisbipedandhasawomb,whichisthephysicalfeaturesofawoman.Butseveralotherpsychologicalandsocialfeaturescanbeattributedtoher,suchas“capableofspeech”,“experiencedincookery”and“skirtordresswearing”.Theseadditionalfeaturesareitsconnotativemeaning,whichmayincludesuchfeaturesas“frail”,“pronetotears”,“emotional”,etc.andsuchgoodqualitiesas“gentle”,“compassionate”,“sensitive”,“hard-working”,andsoon.
Ahighgovernmentofficial:
(1)politician:
engaginginpolitiesforpersonalgain;
(2)statesman
3.SocialMeaning(社会意义)
Itiswhatapieceoflanguageconveysaboutthesocialcircumstancesofitsuse,whichincludesatleastlanguageusers(whoareusinglanguage),settings(whereislanguageused),andtopics(whatarethelanguageuserstalkingorwritingabout).
家:
(1)domicile:
usedinofficialorlegaldocumentsorbetweenpeoplewhoareinvolvedinofficialorlegalaffairs.
(2)residence:
usedinformaloradministrativecircumstances.(3)abode:
apoeticword,usedincreationandappreciationofpoems.(4)home:
usedineverydayspeechbetweenclassmates,colleagues,friendsorfamilymembers.
4.AffectiveMeaning(情感意义)
Itiscommunicatedwhenthefeelingsorattitudesareexpressedinlanguage.Suchinterjectionsas“aha”,“myGod”,“oh”,and“dear”arechieflyusedtoconveyaffectivemeaning.
5.ReflectedMeaning(反映意义)
Itarisesinwordsofmultipleconceptualmeaning,whenonesenseofawordformspartofourresponsetoanothersense.Forexample,“theComforter”and“theHolyGhost”bothrefertoGodinreligiousEnglish,buttheformersoundswarmandcomforting,whilethelattersoundsawesomebecausethesearethereflectedmeaningsofthesetwoterms.
6.CollocativeMeaning(搭配意义)
Itconsistsofassociationawordgetsfromthosewordsthatareoftenusedtogetherwithit.
Nice-looking:
(1)pretty:
girl,woman,flower,garden,color,village
(2)handsome:
boy,man,car,overcoat,airliner
7.ThematicMeaning(主题意义)
Itiswhatiscommunicatedbythewayinwhichaspeakerorwriterorganizeamessage,intermsofordering,focus,oremphasis.
e.g.thesameconceptualcontent:
(1)Mr.Smithdonatedthefirstprize.
(2)ThefirstprizewasdonatedbyMr.Smith.
Theactivesentenceseemstobeananswertothequestion“WhatdidMr.Smithdonate?
”,whilethepassivesentenceappearstoanswer“Whowasthefirstprizedonatedby?
”or“Whodonatedthefirstprize?
”.TheactivesentencesuggeststhatweknowwhoMr.Smithiswhilethepassiveonedoesnot.
Meanings2—7arecalledassociativemeanings.
IV.LanguageandTranslation
(i)Problemsintranslationtoachieveequivalencebetweenlanguages
Pleasereadoverthearticleonpages136-140,andanswerthefollowingquestion:
Howmanytypesofequivalenceintranslationarementioned?
1.Lexicalequivalence:
Forexample,kinshipterms;锅&wok;cowboy&牛仔.
2.Idiomaticequivalence:
likeidioms
3.Grammatical-syntacticalequivalence:
1)就出生而言,他是个英国人;就职业而言,他是个水手;就性格而言,他是个叛逆者.
Bybirth,heisanEnglishman;byoccupation,asailor;bynature,arebellion.
2)quantifier量词:
onebook一本书
4.Experientialequivalence:
1)四面楚歌
bebesiegedonallsides,beutterlyisolated
2)asAmericanasapplepie:
toemphasizesth.isgenuinelyAmerican
5.Conceptualequivalence
1)relationship&关系
2)individualism&个人主义
(ii)WordsandMeaning
1.WordsandCulture-specificConceptualMeaning
1)Wordsandgeography:
TheMississippi;theChannel;koala,kangaroo
2)Wordsandhistory:
TheMayFlower;scalp(剥带发头皮);lynch;cowboy;hippie;duke;castle
3)Wordsandpolitics:
President;congress;DemocraticParty;Governor-General
4)WordsandChristianity:
Trinity;Bible;Catholic;Protestant;Puritan
5)Wordsandholidays:
Christmasbox(圣诞节礼);Christmastide(圣诞节节期);Easter
6)Wordsandlivingstyles:
Hotdog;hamburger;pudding;cocktail;drive-ins(drive-incinemas;drive-inbanks;drive-inrestaurants);motels,diners(餐车式饭馆);baseball(垒球),striptease(脱衣舞);lovestore(色情商店);late-lateTVshows(深夜放映的色情电视片)
2.WordswithPartialEquivalence
1.young,middle-agedandold
English:
18--------------40----------------60---------------
Chinese:
18---------35--------------55----------------------
2.intellectuals&知识分子
3.
(1)socialsciences:
politicalscience,economics,sociology,etc.,branchesoflearningthatareconcernedwithhumansociety,esp.itsorganizationandtherelationshipofindividualmemberstoit.
(1)社会科学:
alltheacademicfieldsnotincludedinthenaturalandappliedsciences.
2.
(1)yard:
asmallopenspacecompletelyorpartiallyenclosedandadjoiningabuilding
(2)院子:
房屋前后用墙或栅栏围起来的空地.
3.
(1)drugstore/achemist’sshop:
wheremedicines,toiletries,andvariousothersmallarticlesincludingfood,aresold,butwhereonecanbuyonlyafewkindsofmedicinewithoutaprescription.
(2)药店:
wheremedicinesandsomekindsofmedicalapparatusaresold,mostofwhicharesoldwithoutadoctor’sprescription.
4.kinshipterms
Pleasereadoverthearticleonpages128-130,thensummarizethemajordifferencesbetweenEnglishandChinesekinshipterms?
Englishterms
Chineseterms
Englishterms
Chineseterms
Grandfather
祖父,外祖父
Granddaughter
孙女,外孙女
Grandmother
祖母,外祖母
Uncle
伯,叔,舅,姑父,姨夫
Father-in-law
岳父,公公
Aunt
伯母,婶婶,舅母,姑母,姨母
Mother-in-law
岳母,婆婆
Nephew
侄子,外甥
Brother
兄,弟
Niece
侄女,外甥女
Sister
姐,妹
cousin
堂兄,堂弟,堂姐,堂妹,表兄,表弟,表姐,表妹,以及他们的同辈
Grandson
孙,外孙
3.WordsOftenMistaken
greenhouse(温室)≠绿色的房屋
busywork(耗时又无价值的工作)≠忙碌的工作
busman’sholiday(消磨于与日常工作类似之活动的假日)≠公共汽车驾驶员/乘务员的假日
busybody(爱管闲事的人)≠大忙人
housewarming(乔迁喜宴)≠房屋供暖
donkeywork(苦役;单调的日常工作)≠驴活儿
policeaction(未经正式宣战,对破坏国际和平与秩序的叛乱者采取的镇压行动)≠警察行动
lowbody(矮脚抽屉柜)≠矮个子男孩
freelove(公开同居)≠自由恋爱
equalitarianism(favorableterm)≠平均主义
disinterested(公正的)≠无兴趣
wester(西风)≠西方人
firstlady
highschool
lover
restroom
4.WordsandConnotativeMeanings
1)dogand狗(p129-130)
2)peasantand农民
3)landlordand地主
4)comradeand同志
5)self-mademan(successfulpersonsfromhumbleorigin)and白手起家的人(经济基础不是很好)
6)propagandaand宣传
7)do-gooder(stupidpersonsearnestlybentondoinggoodwithoutknowingtheharmfulresult)and作好事的人
8)spiritual(religiousconnotation)and精神的
V.CaseAnalysis
OnenightaChinesestudentmajoringinEnglishsatonthestepsoftheForeignstudents’residenceandtalkedwithtwoyoungmaleforeignstudents,oneGermanandoneAmerican.Theydidnotspeakawordtoherontheirowninitiative,butsheaskedmanyquestionstogetaconversationstarted.Everytimetheyansweredherwithonlyoneortwowords.ButshewasdeterminedtopracticeherEnglishsoshetriedtokeeptheconversationgoing.“Howdoyouspendyourweekend?
”sheasked.TheGermanboyansweredimmediately,
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