样稿unit5.docx
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样稿unit5
Unit5ChineseandForeignEducators
Confucius1—theMostFamousEducatorinAncientChina
关于孔子你了解多少?
他在中国教育史上占据什么样的地位?
他对中国的教育做出了什么样的贡献?
OneofthemostfamouspeopleinancientChinawasagreatthinkerandteachernamedConfuciuswhowasbornintheyear551BCanddiedintheyear479BC.HisnamewasQiuandalsostyled2Zhongnibutheusuallywentbythenameof3Kongzi.HewasbornintheLuState(thepresentQufu,ShandongProvince)intheSpringandAutumnPeriod.
Accordingtohistoricalrecords,Confuciuswasmostlyself-educatedasayouth.Afterthedeathofhismotherhebegantoteach,usuallytravelingaboutandteachingthesmallbodyoffollowersthathadgathered4aroundhim.Histheoriesandprinciples5werespreadthroughoutChinabyhisfollowers,andsoonmanypeoplelearnedfromhiswisesayings.
Afteryearsoftraveling,hereturnedhometocontinueteachinguntilhisdeathattheageof72.Althoughduringhislifetimehehadlittleinfluenceoutsidehisownbandoffollowers,Confucianism6hasbeenthemostimportantphilosophicalsysteminChinaforover2000years.
Confuciuswasagreatphilosopher.HecreatedtheschoolofConfucian7thought,allowingotherstolearnabouthisownphilosophyofkindheartednesstowardsothers.
Hebelievedthatthewealthyandpowerfulshouldshowconsiderationforthecommonpeople.Theyshouldresistexploitingthecommonpeopleinordertoavoidconflicts8betweentherulingclassandtheruled.Confuciuswasespeciallyopposed9tocruelrulingandrandom10killings.Hisphilosophyalsoemphasized11theimportanceofkindness,carefulness,goodmannersandhonesty.TheprinciplesofConfucianismhadagreatinfluenceonChinesesocietyovertwothousandyears.Asaresult,ConfucianteachingshaveinfluencedmodernChineselifeandculture.
Confuciuswasalsoagreateducator.Inaslavesociety,onlythosefromnoblefamiliescouldgotoschool.Confuciuschangedthisbyopeningprivateschoolsandtakingin12followers.Hesuccessfullybroughteducationtothewholeofsociety.ItissaidthatConfuciusadvocated13theteachingprinciplesof“nochildrenshouldbeleftbehind”and“teachingstudentsaccordingtotheirlevel”.
Heaskedthestudentstoreviewtheirstudiesoften.Hesaidonecoulddiscovernewthings(truths)bystudyingthepast.
Theattitudeonehadtowardsstudyingshouldalsobesincere.Hesaid“toseeknowledgeasknowledgeandignorance14asignorance”.
Oneshouldcombinestudieswiththoughtfulness.
ItissaidthatinhislateryearsConfuciusedited15oneofthehistoricalworks,theChunQiu,anaccountofChinesehistoryinthestateofLufrom722to481BC,whichhasplayedanimportantroleinkeepingChina’sancientculture.TheLunYu,aworkeditedbysomeofhisfollowers,isconsideredthemostreliablesourceofinformationabouthislifeandteachings.Inlearninghewishedtobeknownasaspreaderratherthanasacreator,andhethereforerestoredthestudyoftheancientbooks.Hisownteachings,togetherwiththoseofhismainfollowers,arefoundintheSiShuofConfucianliterature,whichbecamethetextbooksoflaterChinesegenerations.
(509words)
(
1.◆Confucius[]n.孔子
2.style[]vt.称
3.gobythenameof以、、、、、、的名字为人所知
4.gather[]vi.聚集
5.principle[]n.原则
6.◆Confucianism[]n.孔子学说
7.◆Confucian[]a.孔子的;儒家的
8.conflict[]n.冲突
9.beopposedto强烈反对
10.random[]a.随意的
11.emphasize[]vt.强调
12.takein吸收
13.advocate[]vt.提倡
14.ignorance[]n.无知
15.edit[]vt.编辑
◆◆◆◆
NotestotheText
.HecreatedtheschoolofConfucianthought,allowingotherstolearnabouthisownphilosophyofkindheartednesstowardsothers.
他创建了儒家学派,允许他人了解他的与人为善的哲学思想。
.ItissaidthatConfuciusadvocatedtheteachingprinciplesof“nochildrenshouldbeleftbehind”and“teachingstudentsaccordingtotheirlevel”.
据说孔子提倡“有教无类”和“因材施教”的教学原则。
.Hesaidonecoulddiscovernewthings(truths)bystudyingthepast.
他说人可温故而知新。
.Hesaid“toseeknowledgeasknowledgeandignoranceasignorance”.
他说:
“知之为知之,不知为不知。
★★★ExercisestotheText★★★
I.Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.
()1.Confuciuswasagreatthinker,philosopherandeducator.
()2.Confuciushadgreatinfluenceonhisfollowersaswellasotherpeople.
()3.ConfucianismhasbeenthemostimportantphilosophicalsysteminChinaforover2000yearsbecauseConfuciuswasverykindtoothersandhadgreatinfluenceonthem.
()4.Confuciusbelievedthattherulingclassshouldstopexploitingthecommonpeopleandbekindtothem.
()5.ConfuciusplayedanimportantroleinkeepingChina’sancientcultureandrestoringthestudyoftheancientbooks.
II.Fillintheblanks,usingthewordsorphrasesgivenbelow.Changetheformswhennecessary.
(1)gather
(2)advocate(3)conflict(4)emphasize(5)takein
(6)style(7)edit(8)random(9)beopposedto(10)gobythenameof
1.He__________________Smith,butIdon’tknowwhohereallyis.
2.Shefoundherselfin___________withherparentsoverherfutureprofession.
3.Thechildren_________________togetherinoneroombytheirteacher.
4.Yesterdayshe_____bitterly__________totheideaofmovingabroadonthefamilymeeting.
5.Thefamouspainteronly_______________thosestudentswhoarenotonlytalentedbutalsodiligent.
6.Theinformationisprocessedina_________order.
7.Hisspeech____________theimportanceofattractingindustrytothetown.
8.Themayor______not___________buildinglargefactories.
9.He____________abookofspeechbythefamouspersons.
10.Becauseofthefivepillowsinfrontofhishouse,TaoYuanming_________himselfMr.FivePillows.
III.PutthefollowingintoChinese.
1.Althoughduringhislifetimehehadlittleinfluenceoutsidehisownbandoffollowers,ConfucianismhasbeenthemostimportantphilosophicalsysteminChinaforover2000years.
2.ItissaidthatinhislateryearsConfuciuseditedoneofthehistoricalworks,theChunQiu,anaccountofChinesehistoryinthestateofLufrom722to481BC.,whichhasplayedanimportantroleinkeepingChina’sancientculture.
3.Inlearninghewishedtobeknownasaspreaderratherthanasacreator,andhethereforerestoredthestudyoftheancientbooks.
4.Hisownteachings,togetherwiththoseofhismainfollowers,arefoundintheSiShuofConfucianliterature,whichbecamethetextbooksoflaterChinesegenerations.
IV.Discussthefollowingquestions.
1.WhatdoyouthinkofConfucianism?
2.WhichoftheConfucianteachingprinciplesdoyouprefer?
Why?
Maxims
Agoodeducationgivesamanagreatpull.(良好的教育对人至关重要。
)
Bylearningyouwillteach;byteachingyouwilllearn.(教学相长。
)
Toaskwellistoknowmuch.(善问者博学。
)
Thereisnoroyalroadtolearning.(书山有路勤为径,学海无涯苦作舟。
)
ReadingComprehension
(SkimmingandScanning)
JohnDewey(1859-1952)
JohnDewey’sfamilybackground
JohnDeweywasbornOctober20,1859,inBurlington,Vermont.Hisfather,Archibald,leftthefamilytraditionoffarming,whichhadbeenfollowedforthreegenerations,tobecomeagrocerinthesmallcityofBurlington.Dewey'smother,Lucina,alsocamefromafarmfamily.ArchibaldsoldthegrocerybusinesswhenhevolunteeredtojointheUnionArmyintheCivilWar,butafterthewarhebecameownerofacigarandtobaccoshop.Johnandhistwobrothersgrewupinthemiddle-classDeweyfamily.
JohnDewey’seducationbackgroundandworkingexperience
Deweycompletedhisprimaryschoolatage12.Hestartedmiddleschoolin1872andcompletedhismiddleschoolcoursesinthreeyears.HebeganattendingtheUniversityofVermont,inBurlingtonin1875andreceivedhisdegreefromtheUniversityofVermontin1879.Hespenttwoyearsteachinghighschoolandreturnedtoschoolin1882togoongraduatestudiesatJohnHopkinsUniversity.Hereceivedhisdoctorateinphilosophyin1884.AfterfouryearsasaninstructorattheUniversityofMichigan,hewasappointedProfessorofPhilosophyattheUniversityofMinnesota.DeweyremainedinMinnesotaforonlyayear,andreturnedtobeaProfessorofPhilosophyattheUniversityofMichigan.DeweyremainedatMichiganuntil1894whenhewasappointedProfessorofPhilosophyattheUniversityofChicago.TheUniversityofChicagowasonlyfouryearsoldwhenDeweyjoineditsranks.HewasresponsibleforaddingseveralfacultymemberstothePhilosophyDepartment,includingJamesH.Tufts,JamesR.Angell,andGeorgeHerbertMead.Inthecourseofhisrapidlydevelopingcareer,Deweymarriedoneofhisstudentsin1886(HarrietAliceChipman)andfatheredfoursons(oneadopted)andthreedaughters,andatlastlosttwoofhissonstodisease.
JohnDewey’sachievements
BeingamajorfigureinAmericanintellectualhistory,JohnDeweyisconsideredtobeoneofthefewAmericansofthetwentiethcenturywho"...canbeacknowledgedonaworldscaleasaspokesmanformankind"
Dewey'sareasofworkincludedphilosophy,psychology,education,politics,andsocialthought.Ataneventincelebrationofhis90thbirthday,in1949,Deweydescribedhislifegoalasthequesttoobtain"amoderatelyclearanddistinctideaofwhattheproblemsarethatunderliethedifficultiesandevilswhichweexperienceinfact;thatistosay,inpracticallife."Thisconcernwiththepractical,sociallyresponsiblelifeisakeyelementofthephilosophicalconceptofpragmatism(实用主义),whichDeweyexplainedinmanyofhiswritings.DeweyisalsoconsideredtobeamostimportantvoiceinAmericaneducationalphilosophy,withemphasisonwhatisgenerallycalled"progressive(进步的)education."
Deweywasjustbeginninghisworkinth
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