秦始皇兵马俑英文导游词.docx
- 文档编号:15635938
- 上传时间:2023-07-06
- 格式:DOCX
- 页数:16
- 大小:37.74KB
秦始皇兵马俑英文导游词.docx
《秦始皇兵马俑英文导游词.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《秦始皇兵马俑英文导游词.docx(16页珍藏版)》请在冰点文库上搜索。
秦始皇兵马俑英文导游词
秦始皇兵马俑英文导游词
TheTerracottaArmy(Chinese:
兵马俑;Pinyin:
BīngMǎYǒng;literally"militaryservants")orTerra-cottaWarriorsandHorsesisacollectionof8,099life-sizeterracottafiguresofwarriorsandhorseslocatedintheMausoleumoftheFirstQinEmperor(秦始皇陵;QínShǐHuángLíng).Thefigureswerediscoveredin1974nearXi'an,Shaanxiprovince,
TheterracottafigureswereburiedwiththefirstEmperorofQin(QinShiHuang)in210-209BC.Consequently,theyarealsosometimesreferredtoas"Qin'sArmy."
TheTerracottaArmyofChinawasdiscoveredinMarch1974bylocalfarmersdrillingawelltotheeastofMountLi.MountLiisthenameoftheman-madenecropolisandtomboftheFirstEmperorofQin;QinShiHuang.Constructionofthismausoleumbeganin246B.C.andisbelievedtohavetaken700,000workersandcraftsmen36yearstocomplete.QinShiHuangwasinterredinsidethetombcomplexuponhisdeathin210B.C.AccordingtotheGrandHistorianSimaQian,TheFirstEmperorwasburiedalongsidegreatamountsoftreasureandobjectsofcraftsmanship,aswellasascalereplicaoftheuniversecompletewithgemmedceilingsrepresentingthecosmos,andflowingmercury.representingthegreatearthlybodiesofwater.RecentscientificworkatthesitehasshownhighlevelsofmercuryinthesoilofMountLi,tentativelyindicatinganaccuratedescriptionofthesite’scontentsbySimaQian.
ThetombofQinShiHuangisnearanearthenpyramid76meterstallandnearly350meterssquare.Thetombpresentlyremainsunopened.Thereareplanstoseal-offtheareaaroundthetombwithaspecialtent-typestructuretopreventcorrosionfromexposuretooutsideair.However,thereisatpresentonlyonecompanyintheworldthatmakesthesetents,andtheirlargestmodelwillnotcoverthesiteasneeded.
QinShiHuang’snecropoliscomplexwasconstructedtoserveasanimperialcompoundorpalace.Itiscomprisedofseveraloffices,hallsandotherstructuresandissurroundedbyawallwithgatewayentrances.Theremainsofthecraftsmenworkinginthetombmayalsobefoundwithinitsconfines,asitisbelievedtheyweresealedinsidealivetokeepthemfromdivulginganysecretsaboutitsrichesorentrance.Itwasonlyfitting,therefore,tohavethiscompoundprotectedbythemassiveterracottaarmyinterrednearby.
Xi'an,oncethecapitalofelevenChinesedynasties,isfamousthroughouttheworldforlife-sizedterra-cottawarriorsandhorses.Theyhavewonfameasoneofthegreatestarchaeologicalfindsofthiscentury.Backin1974,whilediggingawelltofightdrought,somefarmersfromLintongcounty,aboutthirtykilometerseastofXi'an,unearthedsomebrownpotteryfragments,whichledtothegreatdiscoveryoftheexecutedterra-cottalegionsasanexteriorsectionofthemausoleum,ofQinShiHuangorFirstEmperoroftheQinDynasty(255-210B.C.)
DetailsofQinShiHuang'stombcanbetracedinTheHistoricalRecords(compiledbySimaQian)andlegendsaboutithavebeenwidespread.However,fortechnicalreasons,themajorpartofthetombremainsunexcavatedtodaywithitsmoundstillstanding76metershighagainsttheslopesofMt.LishanandfacingtheHuishuiRiver.
After20yearsofcarefulexcavationthreeundergroundvaultsofficiallyopenedtothepublicin1979,1989,and1994respectively,displayingthousandsofterra-cottawarriors,horsesandchariots,allarrangedinbattleformations.
Vault1,builtwithearthandtimber,measures210meterslong,60meterswideand4.6to6.5metershigh.Inthisareaof12,600squaremeters,sixthousandlife-sizedwarriorsandhorsesofterra-cottawerefoundinrectangularbattleformation.Thetroopswereofafairlyuniformheightof1.8meters.Theywearhelmetsandarmorandcarryrealbowsandarrows,swords,lances,javelinsandcrossbowsintheirhands.Eachchariot,madeofwood,isdrawnbyateamoffourhorses,1.5metersinheight.Threerowsofinfantrymenmakeupthevanguardoftheformation,andthesearefollowedbythemainbodyofthearmy,38rowsoftroops.Therearealsoflankcolumnsandrearguards.ThearraybreathesthepowerofQinShiHuang'sarmy.
Vault2isapproximatelyonehalfvaultIinsize,housingnearlyathousandpotterywarriors.ComparedwithVault1,thesewarriorsareofalargervarietyandarrangedinmorecomplexbattlearray.UnlikeVault1,thewarchariotsandinfantrymenarearrangedseparatelyinfoursquareformationswhicharelinkedtooneanotherinapolygon.Again,however,thewarriorscarryrealweapons.Theprojectingpartofthepolygonconsistsofarchers,eitherstandingorkneeling,withcrossbowsorhandbowsandquiversandsoappearstobethevanguardofthephalanx.
Thearchersarefollowedbyaunitofcavalrymentotheleftandoneofchariotstotheright,formingthetwowingsofthephalanx.Infantrymenandwarchariotsbringuptherear.Eachchariotdrawnbyfourhorseshas1ldriverandtwoassistants,oneoneitherside.Thecharioteersarearmoredandcarryspears,swordsandcrossbows,Indicatingthattheycouldengageinlong-rangebattles,short-rangefightingandhand-to-handcombat.Allthecavalrymencarrycrossbows,asignthatshootingonhorsebackwasacommonpracticeinthearmyatthattime.
Fromamongthechariotsarobustandunusuallytallfigureat1.95metershasbeenunearthed.Hisarmorisinterlinkedandoverlappedwithfinermetalpiecesthanthatofthecommonsoldiers,andheisbelievedtobeahigh-rankingcommanderofthe1egion.
Vault3isamodestbuildingmoreresemblingagallery.Ithas69potterywarriorswithdefensiveweaponsandawoodenchariotpulledbyfourmagnificenthorses.Thestructureofthegalleryandtheline-upofthesoldierssuggestthatthiswaslikelytheheadquartersofthetroopsofVault1and2.
However,thecommanderismissing.Manyarchaeologistsbelievethatsincetheundergroundarmyrepresentstheemperor'sgarrisonunderhisdirectcommand,nomarshalwasnecessary.
Altogethertenthousandpiecesofactualweaponryhavebeenunearthedfromthethreevaults,includingarrow-heads,swords,spearsandhalberds.Twolong-handledswordsdugoutrecentlyarestillsharpandgleamingdespitetheirburialformorethantwothousandyears.Somebronzearrow-headsfromVault2are41cminlengthand100gramsinweight.TheyarethebiggestbronzeweaponsexcavatedinChina.ImportanttothestudyofQintechnologywasthediscoveryofbronzearrow-headsandswordstreatedwithapreservativethathaspreventederosionfor22centuries.Chemicalanalysisrevealedtheswordtohavebeencastofanalloyofcopper,tinandvariousotherelements,includingnickel,magnesium,andcobalt.Thearrow-headswhichcontain7.71percentleadareconsideredbyarchaeologiststobetheworld'smostpoisonous.
Expertsexpectfuturediscoveriestounearthevenmoreamazingarttreasures.ButtheywarnthatitmayrequiretheeffortsofoneortwogenerationstorecovertheentiretombcomplexofEmperorQinShiHuang.
Thethreevaultsarewellpreservedinthreemodernconstructions,eachwithanarcheddomeandacorridoralongthesideofthevaultsothatvisitorsmayoverlooktherestoredfiguresofwarriors,horsesandchariotsintheiroriginalformations.Vault2isequippedwithdevicesforregulatingtemperature,lightingandairhumidity.
EmperorQinShihuang’sMausoleumandtheTerra-cottaWarriorsandHorsesMuseum
EmperorQinShihuang(259-210B.C.)hadYingashissurnameandZhengashisgivenname.HenametothethroneoftheQinatage13,andtookthehelmofthestateatageof22.By221B.C.,hehadannexedthesixrivalprincipalitiesofQi,Chu,Yan,Han,ZhaoandWei,andestablishedthefirstfeudalempireinChina’shistory.
Intheyear221B.C.,whenheunifiedthewholecountry,YingZhengstyledhimselfemperor.HenamedhimselfShihuangDi,thefirstemperorinthehopethathislatergenerationsbethesecond,thethirdeventheonehundredthandthousandthemperorsinproperordertocarryonthehereditarysystem.Sincethen,thesupremefeudalrulersofChina’sdynastieshadcontinuedtocallthemselvesHuangDi,theemperor.
Afterhehadannexedtheothersixstates,EmperorQinShihuangabolishedtheenfeoffmentsystemandadoptedtheprefectureandcountysystem.Hestandardizedlegalcodes,writtenlanguage,track,currencies,weightsandmeasures.ToprotectagainstharassmentbytheHunaristocrats.EmperorQinShihuangorderedtheGreatWallbebuilt.Allthesemeasuresplayedanactiveroleineliminatingthecauseofthestateofseparationanddivisionandstrengtheningtheunificationofthewholecountryaswellaspromotionthedevelopmentofeconomyandculture.TheyhadagreatanddeepinfluenceuponChina’s2,000yearoldfeudalsociety.
EmperorQinShihuangorderedthebooksofvariousschoolsburnedexceptthoseoftheQindynasty’shistoryandculture,divinationandmedicinesinanattempttopushhisfeudalautocracyintheideologicalfield.Asaresult,China’sancientclassicshadbeendevastatedanddestroy.Moreover,heonceordered460scholarsbeburiedalive.Thoseeventswerelatercalledinhistory“theburningofbooksandtheburyingofConfucianscholars.”
EmperorQinShihuang,forhisownpleasure,conscribedseveralhundredthousandconvictsandwentinforlarge-scaleconstructionandhadoversevenhundredpalacesbuiltintheGuanzhongPlain.Thesepalacesstretchedseveralhundredliandhesoughtpleasurefromonepalacetotheother.Oftennobodyknewwhereherangingtreasuresinsidethetomb,wereenclosedalive.
EmperorQinShihuang’sMausoleumhasnotyetbeenexcavated.Whatlookslikeinsidecouldnolybeknownwhenitisopened.However,thethreepitsoftheterra-cottawarri
- 配套讲稿:
如PPT文件的首页显示word图标,表示该PPT已包含配套word讲稿。双击word图标可打开word文档。
- 特殊限制:
部分文档作品中含有的国旗、国徽等图片,仅作为作品整体效果示例展示,禁止商用。设计者仅对作品中独创性部分享有著作权。
- 关 键 词:
- 秦始皇 兵马俑 英文 导游