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book 1unit 11.docx
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book1unit11
Unit11
ButWhat'saDictionaryFor?
byBergenEvans
TeachingAims
1.thecomprehensionofthetextandthemasteryoftheimportantlanguagepoints
2.theparaphrasesofcertaincomplicatedordifficultsentences
3.theenlargementofthestudents'vocabulary
4.thefamiliarisationwiththestylesofcompositionanddevicesoffiguration
MajorTeachingPoints
1.Backgroundinformation
2.Detailedstudyofthetext
3.Discourseanalysis
4.Rhetoricdevices
5.Exercise
TimeAllocation(8periods,360minutes)
1.Backgroundinformation(45minutes)
2.Detailedstudyofthetext(180minutes)
3.Discourseanalysis(45minutes)
4.Rhetoricdevices(45minutes)
5.Exercise(45minutes)
PartOneBackgroundInformation
Webster,Noah(Oct.16,1748-May28,1843)Americanlexicographerandphilologist,borninWestHartford,Conn.AYalegraduate.
HisElementarySpellingBook(thefirstpartoftheGrammaticalInstituteoftheEnglishLanguage)andTheAmericanDictionaryoftheEnglishLanguageestablishedthenobilityandvitalityoftheAmericanLanguage.
Heholdsthatthespellingandgrammarofalanguagemustbebasedonactualusageratherthanartificialprinciples.Andthuslaidafoundationforthe20thcenturylexicography.
TheElementarySpellingBook,firstpublishedinthelateyearsofthe18thcent.,standardizedAmericanspellingandby1850,whenthewholepopulationwasunder23million,wassoldat1millioncopiesannually.
TheAmericanDictionaryoftheEnglishLanguage,hisgreatestwork,waspublishedin1828.Ofthe70,000words,12,000hadnotappearedinanyotherdictionariesbefore.Withinoneyear,allthe2,500copiesissuedinAmericanandthe3,000copiesinBritainweresoldout.
In1840,thesecondeditionwasafailureandhehadtosellthecopyrighttoMerriamPublishingCompanywhichthereafterbecametheMerriam-WebsterIncorporation.Webster'sothercontributionsincludeeffortsinthepassageofanationalcopyrightlaw,inthefoundingoftheAmherstCollegeetc.
Dictionary:
apublishedlist,inalphabeticalorder,ofthewordsofalanguage,explaining
anddefiningthem,orinthecaseofabilingualdictionary,translatingthemintoanotherlanguage.
Inthe20thcent.,Americandictionarymakersbegantoadoptcriteriaofuseratherthanofetymologicalpurity.DictionarieswereproducedinChina,Greece,Islam,andothercomplexearlycultures.
ThefirstmodernexamplesoflexicographyarethoughttobeNathanBailey'sUniversalEtymologicalEnglishDictionary(1721)andhislargerDictionariumBritannicum(1730),whichservedSamuelJohnson,
whowasconsideredasEngland'sfirstcompletemanofletters,inpreparinghisDictionaryoftheEnglishLanguage(1755),thefirstcomprehensiveEnglishlexicography.
ThenextgreatlexicographerwasNoahWebster.HisAmericanDictionaryoftheEnglishLanguagehasbeenskilfullyrevisedandabridgedovertheyears,therebyretainingitspopularity.Asix-volumeAmericanencyclopaedicdictionary,TheCenturyDictionary,wascompletedin1891.
AmericanDictionaryoftheEnglishLanguage---1828
1840,secondedition,failure,copyrightsoldtoMerriam
1961,thirdedition,2752pages,460,000entries,200,000usageexamples,3,000pictorialillustrationsandmorethan1,000synonyms
Britishlexicographersfromthe19thcent.on,begantocollectandorganizeexamplesofusage.
In1857,thePhilologicalSocietybegancollectingdatedexamplesofusage,culminatinginthepublication(1928)ofthemonumental,unrivalledlexiconknownastheNewEnglishDictionary,theOxfordEnglishDictionary(OED)orMurray'sDictionary.
Twomajorshortereditionsexist:
TheConciseOxfordDictionaryofCurrentEnglishandtheShorterOxfordEnglishDictionary.Otheradvancesinlexicographyarereflectedinthefrequentlyrevisedcollegiateordeskdictionaries,suchastheWebster'sNewCollegiateDictionary.
Encyclopedia:
bookorsetofbooksgivinginformationabouteverybranchofknowledge,oraboutoneparticularsubject,witharticlesinalphabeticalorder
lexicon:
dictionary,esp.ofanancientlanguageorofwordsfromasinglesubject
thesaurus:
bookcontaininglistsofwordsandphrasesgroupedaccordingtotheirmeaningsortypes(athesaurusofslang)
PartTwoDetailedStudyoftheText
1.abuse:
n.&v.abusive,adj.
a.unkind,cruelorrudewords,
Heburstintoastormofabuse.
Heconstantlyaddressedherintermsofabuse.
Youarealwaysabusingandoffendingpeople.
b.wronguse,misuse,impropertreatment,maltreat
Borrowingmoneyisanabuseoffriendship.
abuseofpower,drugabuse,
toabuseone'spower,authority,position,wealth,etc.
2.popularpress:
newspapers,journalsthatareaimedattheneedsortastesofordinarypeopleandnotthespecialistsinaparticularsubject
3.phenomenon:
(pl.phenomena)afactoreventinnatureorsociety
4.scholarly:
concernedwithseriousdetailedstudy---oppositePOPULAR
Scholarlymatters,activities,etcinvolveorrelatetoscholarsortheirwork.
Hisnameisknowninscholarlycirclesthroughouttheworld.
5.stature
a.Someone'sstatureistheirheightandgeneralsize.
Shewasrathersmallinstature.
b.Thestatureofapersonoroftheirachievementsistheimportanceandreputationthattheyhave.
amusicianofinternationalstature
cf:
statue:
figureofaperson,animal,etc.,inwood,stone,bronze,etc.
theStatueofLiberty/Venus
status:
condition,positioninrelationtoothers
one'sclass/political/social/maritalstatus
6.unbridled:
notcontrolledorlimitedinanyway,tooviolentandactive,usedtoshowdisapproval
unbridledtongue/anger
7.fury:
violentorverystronganger
TherewasfuryintheDuchess'greyeyes.
Hearingthis,theyjumpedon(scolded)himinafury.
Heflewintoafuryandsaidthatthewholethingwasdisgusting.
8.contempt:
lackofrespect
Ifyouhavecontemptforsomeoneorsomething,youdonotlikethemandthinkthattheyareunimportantorofnovalue.
Theywouldlookatuswithunmistakablecontempt.
Hercontemptforforeignerswasobvious.
holdsb./sth.incontempt
9.calamity:
aneventthatcausesagreatdealofdamage,destruction,orpersonalsadnessanddistress;seriousmisfortune
disaster,calamity,catastrophe,etc.
Disasterisanunforeseen,ruinous,andoftensuddenmisfortunethathappenseitherthroughlackofforesightorthroughsomehostileexternalagency;generalword.
Catastrophe:
大灾祸,(尤指悲剧的结局)impliesadisastrousconclusionemphasizingfinality.Itisasudden,unexpectedandterribleeventthatcausesgreatsuffering,misfortuneorruin.
Awarisacatastrophe.
toplungethecountryintoahistoricalcatastrophe
aworld-widecatastrophe
Calamitystressespersonalreactiontoagreatpublicloss.Aterribleandverybadevent.
Anational/natural/socialcalamity
Cataclysm,orig.adelugeorgeologicalconvulsion,earthquake,appliestoaneventorsituationthatproducesanupheavalorcompletereversal.
afinancialcataclysm
10.scandal:
Ifsthisascandal,alotofpeopleknowaboutitandthinkthatitisveryshockingandimmoral.
Ifyousaysthisascandal,youareangryaboutitandthinkthatthepeopleresponsibleforitshouldbeashamed.
Thewaythatofficialwastespublicmoneyisascandal.
Shebroughtscandaltoherfamilybyheroutrageousbehaviour.
陈希同wasinvolvedinascandalofcorruptionandembezzlement.
11.editorial:
anarticleinanewspaperwhichgivestheopinionoftheeditororpublisheronatopicoritemofthenews.
12.deteriorate:
causetobecomeworse,worsen
Hissightbegantodeteriorate.
Shehassufferedprogressivedeteriorationofhealth.
13.stern:
veryfirmorhardtowardsothers'behaviour.
Someonewhoissternisveryseriousandexpectstobeobeyed.
asternteacher/father
Apuritanicalpersontendstobesterntohimselfandothersaswell.
14.betray:
a.Ifyoubetraysomeone'strust,confidence,etc.,oryoubetrayyourprinciples,youfailtoactinthegoodandmorallycorrectwaythatwasexpectedofyou.
Hebetrayedhisfriendstotheenemy.
Shebetrayedherpromise.
JudasbetrayedJesus(totheauthorities.
b.Ifyoubetrayasecret,aplan,etc,youtellpeoplethingsthatyouhavebeenaskedtokeepsecret.
c.Tobetrayafeelingmeanstoshowitwithoutwantingtoorintendingto.
I’mafraidthatmyfacemaybetraysth.
Hereyesbetrayedhersadness.
Hisaccentbetrayedthefactthathewasforeign.
15.bar:
therailinginacourtroomthatenclosestheplaceaboutthejudge;barrierinalawcourtseparatingthejudge,prisoner,lawyers,etcfromthespectators.
thebar:
(allthosewhobelongto)thelegalprofession
thebar:
thewholebodyoflawyersqualifiedtopracticeinanyjurisdiction
She'strainingforthebar.
becalledtothebar:
bereceivedintotheprofessionofbarrister
Afterfinishingherlegalstudiesshewascalled/admittedtothebar.
theprisoneratthebar受审讯的犯人
Shewillbejudgedatthebarofpublicopinion.
behindbars:
inprison
Themurdererisnowsafelybehindbars.
cf:
bartender=barman.
16.deplorable:
disgraceful,distressing,heartbreaking,lamentable,wretched,
17.flagrant:
usedtodescribeabadorshockingaction,situation,orattitudethatisveryobviousandnotconcealedinanyway,conspicuous,notorious,open,scandalous
aflagrantviolationofhumanrights,aflagrantinjustices/cheating
cf:
fragrant:
apprec.havingasweetorpleasantsmell
afragrantrose/tea/memory
18.non-worddeluge:
It'slikeafloodofunacceptablewords.
non:
sobadasnottodeservethename
Itwasreallyabadbook---non-storywithnon-char
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