英美文学术语解释Word格式.doc
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英美文学术语解释Word格式.doc
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英美文学名词解释作者:
kiwi
01.Humanism(人文主义)
HumanismistheessenceoftheRenaissance.
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itemphasizesthedignityofhumanbeingsandtheimportanceofthepresentlife.Humanistsvoicedtheirbeliefsthatmanwasthecenteroftheuniverseandmandidnotonlyhavetherighttoenjoythebeautyofthepresentlife,buthadtheabilitytoperfecthimselfandtoperformwonders.
02.Renaissance(文艺复兴)
Theword“Renaissance”means“rebirth”,itmeantthereintroductionintowestermEuropeofthefullculturalheritageofGreeceandRome.
theessenceoftheRenaissanceisHumanism.Attitudesandfeelingswhichhadbeencharacteristicofthe14thand15thcenturiespersistedwelldownintotheeraofHumanismandreformation.
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therealmainstreamoftheenglishRenaissanceistheElizabethandramawithwilliamshakespearebeingtheleadingdramatist.
03.Metaphysicalpoetry(玄学派诗歌)
Metaphysicalpoetryiscommonlyusedtonametheworkofthe17thcenturywriterswhowroteundertheinfluenceofJohnDonne.
witharebelliousspirit,theMetaphysicalpoetstriedtobreakawayfromtheconventionalfashionoftheElizabethanlovepoetry.
thedictionissimpleascomparedwiththatoftheElizabethanortheNeoclassicalperiods,andechoesthewordsandcadencesofcommonspeech.4>
theimageryisdrawnfromactuallife.
04.Classcism(古典主义)
Classcismreferstoamovementortendencyinart,literature,ormusicthatreflectstheprinciplesmanifestedintheartofancientGreeceandRome.Classicismemphasizesthetraditionalandtheuniversal,andplacesvalueonreason,clarity,balance,andorder.Classicism,withitsconcernforreasonanduniversalthemes,istraditionallyopposedtoRomanticism,whichisconcernedwithemotionsandpersonalthemes.
05.Enlightenment(启蒙运动)
EnlightenmentmovementwasaprogressivephilosophicalandartisticmovementwhichflourishedinfranceandsweptthroughwesternEuropeinthe18thcentury.
themovementwasafurtheranceoftheRenaissancefrom14thcenturytothemid-17thcentury.
itspurposewastoenlightenthewholeworldwiththelightofmodernphilosophicalandartisticideas.
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itcelebratedreasonorrationality,equalityandscience.Itadvocateduniversaleducation.
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famousamongthegreatenlightenersinenglandwerethosegreatwriterslikeAlexanderpope.Jonathanswift.etc.
06.Neoclassicism(新古典主义)
Inthefieldofliterature,theenlightenmentmovementbroughtaboutarevivalofinterestintheoldclassicalworks.
thistendencyisknownasneoclassicism.TheNeoclassicistsheldthatformsofliteratureweretobemodeledaftertheclassicalworksoftheancientGreekandRomanwriterssuchasHomerandVirgilandthoseofthecontemporaryFrenchones.
theybelievedthattheartisticidealsshouldbeorder,logic,restrainedemotionandaccuracy,andthatliteratureshouldbejudgedintermsofitsservicetohumanity.
07.TheGraveyardSchool(墓地派诗歌)
TheGraveyardSchoolreferstoaschoolofpoetsofthe18thcenturywhosepoemsaremostlydevotedtoasentimentallamentationormeditationonlife.Pastandpresent,withdeathandgraveyardasthemes.
ThomasGrayisconsideredtobetheleadingfigureofthisschoolandhisElegywritteninacountrychurchyardisitsmostrepresentativework.
08.Romanticism(浪漫主义)
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Inthemid-18thcentury,anewliterarymovementcalledromanticismcametoEuropeandthentoEngland.
Itwascharacterizedbyastrongprotestagainstthebondageofneoclassicism,whichemphasizedreason,orderandelegantwit.Instead,romanticismgaveprimaryconcerntopassion,emotion,andnaturalbeauty.
Inthehistoryofliterature.Romanticismisgenerallyregardedasthethoughtthatdesignatesaliteraryandphilosophicaltheorywhichtendstoseetheindividualastheverycenterofalllifeandexperience.4>
TheEnglishromanticperiodisanageofpoetrywhichprevailedinEnglandfrom1798to1837.ThemajorromanticpoetsincludeWordsworth,ByronandShelley.
09.ByronicHero(拜伦式英雄)
Byronicheroreferstoaproud,mysteriousrebelfigureofnobleorigin.
withimmensesuperiorityinhispassionsandpowers,thisByronicHerowouldcarryonhisshoulderstheburdenofrightingallthewrongsinacorruptsociety.Andwouldrisesingle-handedlyagainstanykindoftyrannicalruleseitheringovernment,inreligion,orinmoralprincipleswithunconquerablewillsandinexhaustibleenergies.
Byron’schiefcontributiontoEnglishliteratureishiscreationofthe“ByronicHero”
10.CriticalRealism(批判现实主义)
CriticalRealismisatermappliedtotherealisticfictioninthelate19thandearly20thcenturies.
Itmeansthetendencyofwritersandintellectualsintheperiodbetween1875and1920toapplythemethodsofrealisticfictiontothecriticismofsocietyandtheexaminationofsocialissues.
Realistwriterswereallconcernedaboutthefateofthecommonpeopleanddescribedwhatwasfaithfultoreality.
CharlesDickensisthemostimportantcriticalrealist.
11.Aestheticism(美学主义)
ThebasictheoryoftheAestheticmovement---“artforart’ssake”wassetforthbyaFrenchpoet,TheophileGautier,thefirstEnglishmanwhowroteaboutthetheoryofaestheticismwasWalterPater.
aestheticismplacesartabovelife,andholdsthatlifeshouldimitateart,notartimitatelife.
Accordingtotheaesthetes,allartisticcreationisabsolutelysubjectiveasopposedtoobjective.Artshouldbefreefromanyinfluenceofegoism.Onlywhenartisforart’ssake,canitbeimmortal.Theybelievedthatartshouldbeunconcernedwithcontroversialissues,suchaspoliticsandmorality,andthatitshouldberestrictedtocontributingbeautyinahighlypolishedstyle.
ThisisoneofthereactionsagainstthematerialismandcommercialismoftheVictorianindustrialera,aswellasareactionagainsttheVictorianconventionofartformorality’ssake,orartformoney’ssake.
美学运动的基本原则”为艺术而艺术”最初由法国诗人西奥费尔.高缔尔提出,英国运用该美学理论的第一人是沃尔特.佩特.美学主义崇尚艺术高于生活,认为生活应模仿艺术,而不是艺术模仿生活.在美学主义看来,所有的艺术创作都是绝对主观而非客观的产物.艺术不应受任何功利的影响,只有当艺术为艺术而创作时,艺术才能成为不朽之作.他们还认为艺术不应只关注一些热点话题如政治和道德问题,艺术应着力于以华丽的风格张扬美.这是对维多利亚工业发展时期物质崇拜的一种回应,也是向艺术为道德或为金钱而服务的维多利亚传统的挑战.
12.TheVictorianperiod(维多利亚时期)
Inthisperiod,thenovelbecamethemostwidelyreadandthemostvitalandchallengingexpressionofprogressivethought.Whilestickingtotheprincipleoffaithfulrepresentationofthe18thcenturyrealistnovel,novelistsinthisperiodcarriedtheirdutyforwardtocriticismofthesocietyandthedefenseofthemass.
althoughwritingfromdifferentpointsofviewandwithdifferenttechniques,theysharedonethingincommon,thatis,theywereallconcernedaboutthefateofthecommonpeople.Theywereangrywiththeinhumansocialinstitutions,thedecayingsocialmoralityasrepresentedbythemoney-worshipandUtilitarianism,andthewidespreadmisery,povertyandinjustice.
theirtruthfulpictureofpeople’slifeandbitterandstrongcriticismofthesocietyhaddonemuchinawakeningthepublicconsciousnesstothesocialproblemsandintheactualimprovementofthesociety.
CharlesDickensistheleadingfigureoftheVictorianperiod.
13.Modernism(现代主义)
Modernismiscomprehensivebutvaguetermforamovement,whichbegininthelate19thcenturyandwhichhashadawideinfluenceinternationallyduringmuchofthe20thcentury.
modernismtakestheirrationalphilosophyandthetheoryofpsycho-analysisasitstheoreticalcase.
thetermpertainstoallthecreativearts.Especiallypoetry,fiction,drama,painting,musicandarchitecture.
inEnglandfromearlyinthe20thcenturyandduringthe1920sand1930s,inAmericafromshortlybeforethefirstworldwarandonduringtheinter-warperiod,modernisttendencieswereattheirmostactiveandfruitful.
asfarasliteratureisconcerned,Modernismrevealsabreakingawayfromestablishedrules,traditionsandconventions.freshwaysoflookingatman’spositionandfunctionintheuniverseandmanyexperimentsinformandstyle.Itisparticularlyconcernedwithlanguageandhowtouseitandwithwritingitself.
14.Streamofconsciousness(意识流)(orinteriormonologue)
Inliterarycriticism,Streamofconsciousnessdenotesaliterarytechniquewhichseekstodescribeanindividual’spointofviewbygivingthewrittenequivalentofthecharacter’sthoughtprocesses.Streamofconsciousnesswritingisstronglyassociatedwiththemodernistmovement.Itsintroductionintheliterarycontext,transferredfrompsychology,isattributedtoMaySinclair.Streamofconsciousnesswritingisusuallyregardedasaspecialformofinteriormonologueandischaracterizedbyassociativeleapsinsyntaxandpunctuationthatcanmaketheprosedifficulttofollow,tracingastheydoacharacter’sfragmentarythoughtsandsensoryfeelings.FamouswriterstoemploythistechniqueintheEnglishlanguageincludeJamesJoyceandWilliamFaulkner.
学术界认为意识流是一种通过直接描述人物思维过程来寻求个人视角的文学写作技巧。
意识流是现代主义运动的体现,它首先出现在心现学领域,由梅.辛克拉提出的,后引进文学领域。
意识流写作通常被认为是一种特殊形式的内心独白.它的特别是联想性,以句法和标点的跳跃,文章的晦涩难懂为特征.来表现人物的片断思维和感官性直觉.比较著名的使用此技巧的有乔伊斯.福克纳.
15.AmericanPuritanism(美国清教主义)
Puritanismwasareligiousreformth
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