HNDEconomics2TheWorldEconomy世界经济学报告第二篇.docx
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HNDEconomics2TheWorldEconomy世界经济学报告第二篇.docx
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HNDEconomics2TheWorldEconomy世界经济学报告第二篇
CONTENTS
Introduction
Anexportbrandmanagerwiththeheanalysisofexternalenvironmentandtheexistingcurrentsituationproblemscandevelopamarketingplanfornewproductfortheboardofdirectors,infuturedays.Thereportwillanalysisfromtheviewofmicroandmacroaboutexternaleconomicalenvironment,theobjectivecurrentsituationabouttheproblemsandthedirectionofdevelopmentforcompany.
Mainbody
Acompanyshouldhaveaclearvisionabouttheinandoutbusinessenvironmentforexploringthebiggermarketshareandmorebenefits.Asanexportbrandmanagerisnotonlytostudythechangingsurroundingsandfiercecompetitionbytheviewofmicroandmacrobutalsotoseethedefeatsaboutourbrandandfallbehindthemanagementofothercompetitorsastimeshavechanged.First,Iwillviewonthemacroabouttheinternationaltrade.freetradeandsoonaboutthemacroeconomytoknowclearlyabouttheglobalworld.
Benefitsofinternationaltrade
Intheworld,becomingaglobalization,theinternationaltradeinmoreandmoreimportantforcountriesandregions.Inthebackgroundofglobal,exchangingofcapital,goods,andservicesacrossinternationalbordersorterritories,companyorindustriestoincreasethedomesticcompetitiveness,decreasethecostofthegoodsandservicesandgaintheglobalmarketshare.Internationaltradeisaengineforeconomyincreasing,andtheeconomydevelopmentisimprovethedirectionoftheinternationaltradeandfloatinginternationalcapacity,alsoresultingthedevelopmentofmultinationalfirmsandeconomicalglobalizationwhichinteract.Forexample,China,undertheneedsandpromotionsofinternationaltrade,theserviceofChinahasbeguntodevelopafter1980.Theareaofexportingserviceonlyoccupiedfrom2.7billionin1982to5.748billiondollarsin1990underinternationaltrade.Frominternationalstatistics,internationalservicetradeinChinahastakenupfrom0.37%in1990to3%in2004,andin2006,ourcountryhasbecometheNO.8exportingservicecountryontheworld.
Freetrade
Freetradeisasysteminwhichthetradeofgoodsandservicesbetweenorwithincountriesflowsunhinderedbygovernment-imposedrestrictions.AboutEU,acomparativefreetradeareaonagriculture,commercial,transportationandmonetaryandsoonbetweenthemembers,iseliminatingofcustomsdutiesandquotasonimportandexportsofgoodsbetweenmemberstates.
Asaexportbrandmanagershouldconcernthatfreetradewouldpreventdevelopmentofourcompanybecausetheycouldn’tcompeteandmightdominatecountryeconomically.Consideringthemultinationalfirmsisanunavoidablepartforus.Thefreetradeforacompanyisbeneficialandthatglobalmarketthatwecurrentlyliveinandbenefitfromwouldseemtosuggestthatitisso.Thebiggerchoices,thelargermaterialfromothercountiesandmoreconsumersforourcompanyareattheareaoffreetradeeventhoughthefiercecompetitionisinevitable.However,completefreetradeissuchabigchallengeforthedomesticfirmscompetingwithothercompaniesshowinggreatstrengththatexistingcountriessetthebarriersandtarifftoprotectthedomesticindustries.
Comparativeadvantage&Absoluteadvantage
Ineconomics,comparativeadvantagereferstotheabilityofapersonoracountrytoproduceaparticulargoodataloweropportunitycostthananotherpersonorcountry.
Absoluteadvantagemayrefertotheabilityofaparticularcountrytoproduceaparticulargoodwithfewerresourcesthananothercountry.Forexample,theCanadamaybeabletoproducenewsprintpapermoredominantthansayJapanonmaterialandtechnology.However,Japancanproducehigh-techproductmoreefficientlythanCanadaonlaborforceandindesign,productionandmaintenanceservicemorepreponderant.Eachaspecthasitsowncompetitionontheirefficientproductstowinmorebenefitsforthecompany.
comparativeadvantage“evenmoreacountryhasanabsolutelyadvantageoveranothercountryintermsofcommoditiestheywishtotradeitwillstillbetotheirmutualadvantagetotradeprovidingeachcountryhasacomparativecostadvantage”,whichreferstotheabilitytoproduceaparticulargoodataloweropportunitycost.ThereisainternationaltradebetweenSpainandUKaboutwineandwoolen.ComparedwiththewineproductioninUK,WoolenproductioninUKhascomparativeadvantage.ThoughSpainhastheabsoluteadvantageaboutbothofthem,comparewithUK,thecostofwooleninSpainismoreexpensivethanthecostofwineintherewhichcanexchangeUKwithproducingofwoolentousethelowercostresultingthehighbenefits,calledatlowopportunitycost.
Exportingisnotfocusingonthequalityofexportproductsbutshouldknowtheimporterpermitswhetherallowyoutoenter.Asaexportbrandmanageshouldknowclearlyaboutthequalityproductionstandardsandthetradeprotectionismandtradebarriers,andwhatorganization,suchasWTO,shouldbelookedforaftermeetingthetradebarriertoseekforthebestsolutions.
Barrier&protectionism
Protectionismistheeconomicpolicyofrestrainingtradebetweennations,throughmethodssuchastariffsonimportedgoods,restrictivequotas,andavarietyofotherrestrictivegovernmentregulationsdesignedtodiscourageimports,andpreventforeigntake-overoflocalmarketsandcompanies.Thispolicyiscloselyalignedwithanti-globalization,andcontrastswithfreetrade,wheregovernmentbarrierstotradearekepttoaminimum.
Avarietyofpoliciescanbeusedtoachieveprotectionistgoals,suchastariffsandimportquotas.
Tariffs:
Typically,tariffs(ortaxes)areimposedonimportedgoods.Tariffratesvaryaccordingtothetypeofgoodsimported.Importtariffswillincreasethecosttoimporters,andincreasethepriceofimportedgoodsinthelocalmarkets,thusloweringthequantityofgoodsimported.Tariffsmayalsobeimposedonexports,andinaneconomywithfloatingexchangeratesexporttariffshavesimilareffectsasimporttariffs.However,forpoliticalreasons,suchapolicyisseldomimplemented.
ImportQuotas:
physicallimitationonquantityofimports.
Chinaisthebiggestcountrytoproducethelaver;Japanistheworld'sbiggestlaverconsumers,annuallaverconsumptionquantityreaches100milliontickets.Atpresent,thereisnoapieceoflaverofChinatoentertheJapanmarket,theJapanesegovernmentisprotectingitslocallaverofindustrialdevelopment.Formanyyears,theJapanesegovernmenthasbeenputthedrylaverandseasoningslaverintoimporttariffsofproductcatalogue,throughthehighlyrestrictedmethods,suchasimportquotas,origin,setupbarrierstotlimitthelaverfromChinaintoJapanmarket,whichobviouslydiscriminatorypracticeviolatestheWTOagreementsrelated.Then,existingtariffswillrequiretheexportingproductshavingmorehigh-technicalrequirements,pastthemoreserioustestingprojects,whichwouldresultthebigdisparityofproductionstandardandraisingtheexportingthreshold.SotheresultisgrowingthepriceofproductionsbyExportingCompanyandincreasingthecostoftrade.Theterrifiesisexistingforlimitingthenumberofimportingproductsbysomeallkindsoftechnicalregulations,standards,andconformityassessmentproceduresandsoonwhichwillraisethetradedisputes.Forexportcompany,withthedevelopmentofscienceandtechnology,mustrealizetoleapthosetariffs,itmustmakeitsproductsaccordwiththetechnicalrequirementsoftheimportingbyusingeveryconceivablemeans,whichmustrisecostofcommodityandtrade.
American(Chinatextileimportquotasontextile)istoprotectitslong-termprotectionofdomestictextileindustry.ItisalwaysimplementingimportquotasonChineseclothing.Inagreementontextilesandclothing(ATC),theprotectionperiodwaslasting10years.Butthisdidnotrealize,becausetheUnitedStatesisnotwillingabolishquotasonChinesetextilesandcombinatedothercountriestolimitChinesetextiles.TheypublishedafairdealinIstanbul'sdeclarationoftextilesandclothing,textilesimportquotasonChineseclothingextending2years.Thisactionisinordertoenlargeexportmarketforortolimitforeigngoods,orfortheirproductcompetition.Ifstrengthentheimporterbystrictsupervisionortofittherequirementoftheforeignexchangesupervision,sotheimportersarelimitedthequantityofimportingorvalue.
WTO
TheWorldTradeOrganization(WTO)isaninternationalorganizationdesignedtosuperviseandliberalizeinternationaltrade.TheWTOcameintobeingonJanuary1,1995,andisthesuccessortotheGeneralAgreementonTariffsandTrade(GATT),whichwascreatedin1947,andcontinuedtooperateforalmostfivedecadesasaninternationalorganization.TheWTOhas153members,whichrepresentsmorethan95%oftotalworldtrade.TheWTO'sheadquartersisinGeneva,Switzerland.AmongthevariousfunctionsoftheWTO,themostimportantonesare:
Itoverseestheimplementation,administrationandoperationofthecoveredagreements;Itprovidesaforumfornegotiationsandforsettlingdisputes.
Sino-JapaneselavertradenegotiationsfromApril22,2004,afteroneyear-long,AfterJapanandChinagovernmentswithtricycleconsultationswiththehelpbyWTO,finallytheJapanannouncetocanceltheimportoforiginlaverafterthree-wheelconsultationsintheend.ThisisthefirstinitiativeafterChina'saccessiontotheWTOrulesbywinningtradebarriersinvestigationcases.
Eventhough,thiscasehasapositiveimpactforthecompanyinChina,attackisanunavoidableproblemforones.Thiscourseisanimportantquestion.Withthelowertariffs,quotaseliminaterestrictionson
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- HNDEconomics2TheWorldEconomy 世界 经济学 报告 第二