专业英语复习资料.docx
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专业英语复习资料.docx
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专业英语复习资料
英译汉:
acetylpanaxydol乙酰基人参环氧炔醇
ecosystem生态系统inulin菊粉
nutraceutical营养物质polydextrose葡聚糖
sorbitol山梨(糖)醇β-galactosidasesβ-牛乳糖醇
balancing营养平衡glycine甘氨酸
mealreplacements膳食替代品pantothenicacid泛酸V5
amylases淀粉酶malicacid苹果酸
FoodandDrugAdministration(FDA)美国食品与药品监督局
TheWordTradeOrganization(WTO)国际贸易组织
汉译英:
适应性(获得性)免疫adaptiveimmune遗传性过敏atopicallergy
碳水化合物,糖类carbohydrate双糖类disaccharide
叶酸folate乳酸乳球菌Lactococcuslactis
代谢组学metabolomics低聚糖,寡糖oligosaccharide
多聚糖polysaccharide抗性淀粉resistantstaride
β-胡萝卜素β-carotene类胡萝卜素carotenoid
推荐的膳食供给量RDA(recormmendeddietaryallowance)
添加剂adjuncts
英译汉:
1、Itwastheadvancesinunderstandingtherelationshipbetweennutritionandhealth,oftenatthemolecularlevel,thatledtotheconceptof“functionalfood”(alsoreferredtoas“nutraceuticals”or“pharmaceuticalfood”)asapracticalandnewapproachtoachieveoptimalhealthandpossiblyreducetheriskofdisease.
翻译:
对营养和健康之间关系的理解是经常建立在分子水平上,即将功能食品(又指“营养制品”或“药用食品”)的概念作为一种实际的新方法,以达到最佳健康状况并尽可能减少疾病风险。
2、Itisenvisagedthatsystemsbiologywillfacilitatetheassessmentoftheactivityoffunctionalfoodsinhumansandanimalmodels,notleastbecauseithasthepotentialtomeasuresmall,multipleperturbationsorpatternsofresponse(suchasthoseofteninducedbynutritionalchange)andtofactorinvariablessuchasgeneticpolymorphisms.
翻译:
系统生物学使对功能食品在人体和动物模型中的活性进行评价更为容易,不仅是因为他有潜在的能力测量引起小而复杂的变化或模型应答(例如那些由营养改变诱发的应答),还因为他是变量因子,例如遗传多态性。
3、Furthermore,thefactthatboththefoodandpharmaceuticalindustriesareactivelypursuingnewdevelopmentsinfunctionalfoodsdoesnotrenderthisdistinctionmoretransparent.
此外,食品和制药行业积极积极追求功能性食品的新发展的事实并没有把这种区别讲的更加清楚。
4、Desirablefunctionalpropertiesincludeslowerfermentationleadingtoincreasedpersistenceinthecolon,sothatbeneficialeffectsandmetabolicend-productsareachievedinthedistalregionwheremanychronicgutdisorders(ulcerativecolitisandcancer)areprimarilylocated.
所期望的功能特性包括缓慢发酵在结肠中形成积蓄,从而有益效应和代谢终产物能够到达顽固肠道疾病(溃疡性结肠炎和癌症)起源的末梢神经。
5、Sinceancienttime,plantshavebeenknownasasourceofdiversebiologicallyactivechemicals(phytochemicals)essentialformaintaininghealthandusefulfortreatingandpreventingdisease.
自古以来,植物就被认为是各种各样保持健康所必需和治疗预防疾病的生物活性化学物质(植物营养素)的来源。
6、Thesubjectisnotwithoutitslimitationsoneofwhichistheaccuratesamplingofbiologicalmaterials,whichhasanimpactontheaccuracyofthequantitationofmetabolites.
这种研究方法的局限性在于生物材料的准确取样,这对代谢产物量化的精确性有影响。
7、Howevertheadditionofanaminoacidtoanonproteinfood,ontheassumptionthatthefoodwillbeconsumedatsomereasonableleveltogetherwithafoodcontainingapoorqualityprotein,couldresultintheingestionofconsiderablequantitiesofanaminoacid.
但是,如果在非蛋白食物中加入氨基酸,假设该食物能在某合理的水平上与含低质蛋白的食物一起被消化,那么就有可能导致某一种氨基酸的大量摄入。
inadditiontheaminoacidispermittedonlyinamountsthatproduceameasurableimprovementinproteinquality,thenthereisnodangerthatexcessaminoacidswillbeconsumed.
如果允许加入的氨基酸量对蛋白质质量的增进是可衡量的,那么消耗过量的氨基酸就没有危险。
andflavor,alongwiththeothercharacteristicsoffood,willbethefactorsthatcausetheconsumertoaddanewformulatedfoodtohisdiet,perhapsdisplacingamorefamiliartraditionalfood。
Thenutritionalqualitiesofthenewformulatedproductsmustbecarefullydesignedtomeetthenutritionalneedinthedietwhichresultsfromthesuccessofthenewfood。
外观和香味与食品的其他特性一样,是引起消费者在自己的饮食中添加新配方食品的因素,也许新配方食品会取代更为熟悉的传统食品。
必须小心地设计新配方产品的营养性质,以致由于新食品的成功应用使得日常饮食中的营养符合需要。
microbialprocessesusedinfoodproductiontraditionallyemploymicrobialenzymaticactivitiestotransformonefoodintoanother,withthemicrobiallyproducedfoodproducthavingpropertiesvastlydifferentfromthoseofthestartingmaterial。
传统意义上,食品生产中的微生物过程需要微生物酶活性的参与将一种食品转化成另外一种食品,这种经由微生物生产而得的食品与原料的性质具有很大差别。
flavorandothercharacteristicdifferencebetweenvarioustypesofalcoholicbeveragesreflectdifferenceinthestartingsubstratesandtheproductionprocess,ratherthandifferencesinthemicrobialcultureortheprimaryfermentationpathwaysemployedintheproductionofalcoholicbeverages。
各种各样不同类型的酒精饮料之间风味和其他特征的不同反映了初始底物和生产过程的不同,而不是酒精饮料生产中采用的微生物培养或前发酵途径不同。
12、.foodagenciesareaccountabletothePresident,totheCongresswhichhasoversightauthority,tothecourtswhichreviewregulationsandenforcementactions,andtothepublic,whichregularlyexercisesitsrighttoparticipateinthedevelopmentofstatutesandregulationsbycommunicatingwithlegislators,commentingonproposedregulations,andspeakingoutpubliclyonfoodsafetyissues.
翻译:
美国食品机构最总统负责,对享有监督权的国会负责,对审查法案和强制执行的法院负责,对定期行使权力通过与立法者交流,对已批准的法规进行评论,公开食品安全问题方式参与法律法规的制定和完善的大众负责。
13、Althoughmicrobialgrowthisaproblemwhenitresultsinfoodspoilage,microorganismsareusedbeneficiallyinthefoodindustryforfoodproduction.Manyofthefoodandbeverageswecommonlyenjoy,suchaswineandcheese,aretheproductsofmicrobialenzymaticactivity.Forthemostpart,itisthefermentativemetabolismofmicroorganismsthatisexploitedintheproductionoffoodproducts.Theaccumulationoffermentationproducts,suchasethanolandlacticacid,isdesirablebecauseoftheircharacteristicflavorsandotherproperties.Onlyafewprocesses,suchastheproductionofvinegar,makeuseofmicrobialoxidativemetabolism.Themicrobialproductionoffoodcanbeviewedasanexerciseinharnessingmicrobialbiochemistrytoproducedesired,ratherthanadverse,changesinfoodproducts.
Theproductionoffermentedfoodrequiresthepropersubstrates,microbialpopulations,andenvironmentalconditionstoobtainthedesiredendproduct.Qualitycontrolisessentialinfoodfermentationtoensurethattheproductisofhighquality.Afermentedmayrequireadditionalpreservationtopreventspoilagebecausefurtheruncontrolledmicrobialgrowthcouldrenderitinedible.Forexample,oncewineisproduced,itmustbemaintainedunderanaerobicconditionsinordertopreventitsoxidationtovinegar.
Themicrobialprocessesusedinfoodproductiontraditionallyemploymicrobialenzymaticactivitiestotransformonefoodintoanother,withthemicrobiallyproducedfoodproducthavingpropertiesvastlydifferentfromthoseofthestartingmaterial.Inadditiontotheuseofmicroorganismstoproducefermentedfoodproducts,microbialbiomassisnowconsideredapotentialsourceofproteinformeetingthefoodneedsofanexpandingworldpopulation.Somemicroorganisms,suchasmushrooms,havebeenusedasfoodproductsforcenturies.Thegrowthofbacteria,algae,andfungiasprotteinicfood,however,isarelativelynewconcept.Microbialbiomasscanbeusedasananimalfeedsupplementormaybedevelopedasadirectsourceofproteinforhumanconsumption.
14、TheUnitedStatesConstitutionprescribestheresponsibilitiesofthegovernment’sthreebranches:
executive,legislativeandjudicial,whichallhaverolesthatunderpinthenation’sfoodsafetysystem.Congress,thelegislativebranch,enactsstatutesdesignedtoensurethesafetyofthefoodsupply.Congressalsoauthorizesexecutivebranchagenciestoimplementstatutes,andtheymaydosobydevelopingandenforcingregulations.Whenenforcementactions,regulations,orpoliciesleadtodisputes,thejudicialbranchischargedtorenderimpartialdecisions.General.lawandstatutesPresidentialExecutiveOrdersestablishprocedurestoensurethatregulationsaredevelopedinatransparentandinteractivemannerwiththepublic.CharacteristicsoftheU.S.foodsafetysystemincludetheseparationofpowersamongthesethreebranchesandtransparent,science-baseddecision-making,andpublicparticipation.
TheU.S.foodsafetysystemisbasedonstrong,flexible,andscience-basedfederalandstatelawandindustry’slegalresponsibilitytoproducesafefoods.Federal,state,andlocalauthoritieshavecomplementaryandinterdependentfoodsafetyrolesinregulatingfoodandfoodprocessingfacilities.Thesystemisguidedbythefollowingprinciples:
(1)onlysafeandwholesomefoodsmaybemarketed;
(2)regulatorydecision-makinginfoodsafetyisscience-based;(3)thegovernmenthasenforcementresponsibility;(4)manufactures,distributors,importersandothersandexpectedtocomplyandareliableiftheydonot;and(5)theregulatoryprocessistransparentandaccessibletothepublic.Asaresult,theU.S.systemhashighlevelsofpublicconfidence.
Precautionandscience-basedriskanalysesarelong-standingandimportanttraditionsofU.S.foodsafetystatutes,regulations,andpoliciesarerisk-basedandhaveprecautionaryapproachesembeddedinthem.
汉译英:
1、如果一种食品令人满意地被证明对一种或多种体内的目标功能有益,超越足够的营养效用,改善健康状况、达到安宁康乐或降低疾病风险等任一种方式,就可以认为是有功能的。
翻译:
“afoodcanberegardedasfunctionalifitissatisfactorilydemonstratedtoaffectbeneficiallyoneormoretargetfunctionsinthebody,beyondadequatenutritionaleffects,inawaythatisrelevanttoeitherimprovedstateofhealthandwell-beingand/orreductionofriskofdisease”.
2、Watkins和German提出的综合的或是“组学的“方法(例如基因组学、转录组学、蛋白组学和代谢组学)中,衡量组织和体液中的不同代谢产物浓度的代谢组学与表型的变化最为相关,而表型与生长发育和整体健康相关。
翻译:
Intheglobalor“omic”approachesnotedbyWatkinsandGerman.genomics,transcriptomics,proteomicsandmetabolomics),metabolomics,whichmeasurestheconcentrationofdifferentmetabolitesintissuesandbodyfluids,isthemostcloselylinkedtothevariationsinphenotypethatarerelevanttogrowthdevelopmentandoverallhealth.
3、DietaryFiberconsistsofnondigestiblecarbohydratesandligninthatareintrinsicandintactinplants.FunctionalFiberconsistsofisolated,nondigestilbecarbohydratesthathavebeneficialphysiologicaleffectsinhumans.TotalFiberisthesumofDietaryFiberandFunctionalFiber.
Dietaryfiberisprimari
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