分享 散文阅读第三单元笔记 Unit ThreeThe Future of Reading.docx
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分享散文阅读第三单元笔记UnitThreeTheFutureofReading
UnitThreeTheFutureofReading
Part1Notestovocabularyandtexts
I.Vocabulary
1.cite:
v.
a)tomentionsomethingasanexample,especiallyonethatsupports,proves,orexplainsanideaorsituation.E.g.Thejudgeciteda1956SupremeCourtrulinginherdecision.
citesomethingassomethingelse.E.g.Severalfactorshavebeencitedasthecauseoftheunrest.
b)togivetheexactwordsofsomethingthathasbeenwritten,especiallyinordertosupportanopinionorproveanideaSYNquote.E.g.ThepassagecitedaboveisfromaRobertFrostpoem.
c)toordersomeonetoappearbeforeacourtoflawSYNsummon.E.g.citesomebodyforsomething/Twomanagershadbeencitedforsimilarinfractions.
d)(BritishEnglish)tomentionsomeonebynameinacourtcase.E.g.Suewascitedinthedivorceproceedings.
e)tomentionsomeonebecausetheydeservepraise.E.g.citesomebody(forsomething)/Garciawascitedforherworkwithdisabledchildren.
2.literacy:
n.thestateofbeingabletoreadandwrite.
3.attendant:
adj.relatingtoorcausedbysomething.
4.cortex:
n.theouterlayerofanorganinyourbody,especiallyyourbrain.
5.hunch:
n.strong,intuitivefeeling,suspicion./intuitivefeelingorapremonition.
6.breach:
n.anactionthatbreaksalaw,rule,oragreement.
7.render:
v.tocausesomeoneorsomethinginaparticularcondition.
8.amorphous:
adj.havingnodefiniteshapeorfeatures.
9.facet:
n.aspect,oneofseveralpartsofaperson'scharacter.
10.avocation:
anactivitytakenupinadditiontoone'sregularworkorprofession,usuallyforenjoyment;ahobby.
11.scriptorium:
awritingroom;specifically,theroomassignedinamonasteryforthecopyingofmanuscripts.
12.mandarinate:
n.thecollectivebodyofofficialsorpersonsofrankinChina.
13.besmirch:
v.tomakedirtyortosoil.
14.grid:
n.thenetworkofroads/thenetworkofelectricitysupplywiresthatconnectpowerstationsandprovideselectricitytobuildingsinanarea.
II.Expressionsfromthetext
1.elementalliteracy:
n.basicskillsofreadingandwritingforeverydayuse.
2.byheart:
byrote,frommemory.
3.politicalreach:
n.scopeofpoliticalinfluence.
III.Notestothetext
1.Gutenberg:
c.1397-1468,Germaninventorandprinter,longcreditedwiththeinventionofamethodofprintingfrommovabletype,includingtheuseofmetalmoldsandalloys,aspecialpress,andoil-basedinks:
amethodthat,withrefinementsandincreasedmechanization,remainedtheprincipalmeansofprintinguntilthelate20thcent.Histype,whichwashandsetwithcharactersofequalheight,wasprintedonhandmadepaper.SimilarprintinghadbeendoneearlierinChinaandKorea.InChinaprintingfrommovablewoodblockswasinventedbyPiShengin1040,andprintingwithmovabletypemadeofclaywasalsoprevalent;inKoreamovablecoppertypewasinventedasearlyas1392.EuropeanswhohavebeenthoughtbysometohaveprecededGutenberginthepracticeofhisartincludeLaurensJanszoonKoster,ofHolland,andPamfiloCastaldi,ofItaly.Earlyinthe21stcent.scholars,usingcomputertechnology,proposedthatGutenberg'smovabletypemayactuallyhavebeensandcast,ratherthanproducedinmetalmolds.Iftrue,thiswouldindicatethatthedevelopmentofWesternprintingtechnologywassomewhatmoregradualthanpreviouslythought.
EvidenceindicatesthatGutenbergwasborninMainz,trainedasagoldsmith,andenteredapartnershipinwhichhetaughthisfriendshissecretprofessionofprintinginthe1430s.HelivedinStrasbourgforsomeyears,andhemayhavemadehisgreatinventiontherein1436or1437;hereturnedtoMainz(c.1446)andformedapartnershipwithagoldsmith,JohannFust.Gutenberg'sgoalwastomechanicallyreproducemedievalliturgicalmanuscriptswithoutlosingtheircolororbeautyofdesign.Themasterpieceofhispresshasbeenknownunderseveralnames:
theGutenbergBible;theMazarinBible;andinmodemtimes,asthe42-lineBible,forthenumberoflinesineachprintedcolumn.Fust'sdemand(1455)forrepaymentofsumsadvancedresultedinasettlementinwhichGutenbergabandonedhisclaimstohisinventionandsurrenderedhisstock,includingtypeandtheincompleteworkonthe42-lineBible,toFust,whocontinuedthebusinessandcompletedprintingtheBiblewiththehelpofPeterSchoffer,wholaterbecamehisson-in-law.Althoughtheworkbearsnoplaceofprinting,date,orprinter'sname,itisusuallydatedto1455.Printedinaneditionofabout180copies,itistheearliestextantWesternbookprintedinmovabletype.
ItisthoughtthatGutenbergreestablishedhimselfintheprintingbusinesswiththeaidofConradHumery;worksattributed,notunanimously,tohimincludeaMissalespecialeconstantienseandaCatholicon(1460).TheElectorofMainz,ArchbishopAdolfofNassau,presentedhimwithabenefice(1465)yieldinganincomeandvariousprivileges.ThereisaGutenbergMuseuminMainz.
(Source:
ColumbiaEncyclopedia:
JohnGutenberg)
2.DeQuincey
DeQuincey,Thomas(dakwin'se),1785-1859,Englishessayist.In1802heranawayfromschoolandtrampedaboutthecountry,eventuallysettlinginLondon.Hisfamilysoonfoundhimandenteredhim(1803)inWorcesterCollege,Oxford,wherehedevelopedadeepinterestinGermanliteratureandphilosophy.HeleftOxfordin1808withoutcompletinghisdegreeandsettled(1809)atGrasmere,wherehemadetheacquaintanceofWordsworth.By1817theopiumhabit,whichhehadbegunwhileatOxford,hadreacheditsheight.HeachievedliteraryeminencewiththepublicationofhisConfessionsofanEnglishOpium-Eater(1822),whichfirstappearedintheLondonMagazinein1821.Itisanaccountoftheprogressofhisdrughabit,includingdescriptionsofthebizarreandspectaculardreamshehadwhileundertheinfluenceofopium.Hebecameaprolificcontributortovariousjournals,especiallytoBlackwood's,Edinburgh,after1825.Amonghisbestworks-allwritteninapolished,highlyimaginative,anddiscursiveprose-are"OnMurderConsideredasOneoftheFineArts,""SuspiriadeProfundis,""OntheEnglishMail-Coach,""OntheKnockingattheGateinMacbeth,"andAutobiographicSketches(1853).
3.DarkAges
Atermdeployedinthe17thand18thcents.toindicatetheintellectualdarknesswhichwasbelievedtohavedescendedonEuropewiththeendingoftheRomanempireuntilnewlightwasprovidedbytheRenaissance.InthefieldofBritishhistoryitissometimesappliedjusttothe5thand6thcents.,whichmanyhistorianswouldprefertodesignateassub-orpost-Roman.
4.Erasmus
DesideriusErasmus
(bornOct.27,1469,Rotterdam,Holland-diedJuly12,1536,Base1,Switz.)Dutchpriestandhumanist,consideredthegreatestEuropeanscholarofthe16thcentury.Theillegitimatesonofapriestandaphysician'sdaughter,heenteredamonasteryandwasordainedapriestin1492.HestudiedattheUniversityofParisandtrave1edthroughoutEurope,comingundertheinfluenceofSt.ThomasMoreandJohnCo1et.ThebookthatfirstmadehimfamouswastheAdagia(1500,1508),anannotatedcollectionofGreekandLatinproverbs.HebecamenotedforhiseditionsofClassicalauthors,ChurchFathers,andtheNewTestamentaswellasforhisownworks,includingHandbookofaChristianKnight(1503)andPraiseofFolly(1509).UsingthephilologicalmethodspioneeredbyItalianhumanists,hehelpedlaythegroundworkforthehistorical-criticalstudyofthepast.Bycriticizingecclesiasticalabuses,heencouragedthegrowingurgeforreform,whichfoundexpressionbothintheProtestantReformationandintheCatholicCounter-Reformation.ThoughhesawmuchtoadmireinMartinLuther,hecameunderpressuretoattackhim;hetookanindependentstance,rejectingbothLuther'sdoctrineofpredestinationandthepowersclaimedforthepapacy.
(Source:
BritannicaConciseEncyclopedia:
Erasmus)
5.Montaigne
(1533-92).MoralistandauthoroftheEssais,composedduringthelast20yearsofhislife,whichhaveleftanindelibleimpressionnotonlyonFrenchbutonEuropeanculture.IntheeyesofmanyofhiscontemporarieshewasastrikingexampleofaNeostoicauthor;tothescepticsandlibertinsofthe17thc.Hewastheirprecursorandinspiration;inthefollowingcentury,Diderotadmiredhimasaphilosopheavantlalettre,andRousseausawinhimthefirstofthegreatconfessionalwriters.Morerecently,Nietzschepraisedhimasadestructiverelativist,andGidesawinhimaproponentofsexualhonestyandliberation.OneofthepeculiarqualitiesofhisEssaisistoreflecttheintimatepreoccupationsoftheirreaders;itisthushardlysurprisingthatforhismostmoderncriticshisworkismarkedbytheaestheticsofthefragmentary;thatitexemplifiesintertextuality(incorporatingasitdoes1,264explicitquotations,aswellascountlessotherallusions);andthatMontaignehimselfanticipatedreader-responsetheoriesofinterpretation.ThisproteanqualityassurestheEssaistheirstatusasaclassic.
MontaignewasborninGasconyofarecentlyennobledwell-to-dofamily,andgivenasolidhumanisteducationattheCollegedeGuyenne.Hewasdestinedforacareerinthelaw,andafteruniversitystudiesateitherToulouseorParishebecamein1557aminormagistrateattheParlementdeBordeaux,whereLaBoetiewashiscolleagueandfriend.Hesoldhispostin1570inorderto'retireintothebosomofthelearnedVirgins'.Hisfatherhaddiedtwoyearsbefore,leavinghimtheestateofMontaigne,whereheresolvedtodevotetheremainderofhislifetoreading,contemplation,andwritinginthetowerofhischateau,whichhousedhisextensivelibraryandwhos
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