MBA专业术语.docx
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MBA专业术语.docx
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MBA专业术语
MBA专业术语
A
Ability-to-payprinciple能力纳税原则
Theideathattaxesshouldbeleviedonapersonaccordingtohowwellthatperson
canshouldertheburden
Absoluteadvantage绝对优势
Thecomparisonamongproducersofagoodaccordingtotheirproductivity
Aggregate-demandcurve总需求曲线
Acurvethatshowsthequantityofgoodsandservicesthathouseholds,firms,and
thegovernmentwanttobuyatanypricelevel
Aggregate-supplycurve总供给曲线
Acurvethatshowsthequantityofgoodsandservicesthatfirmschoosetoproduce
andsellatanylevel
Appreciation升值
Anincreaseinthevalueofacurrencyasmeasuredbytheamountofforeigncurrency
itcanbuy
Automaticstabilizers自动稳定器
into
goeseconomythewhendemandaggregatestimulatethatpolicyfiscalinChanges
arecessionwithoutpolicymakershavingtotakeanydeliberateaction
Averagefixedcost平均固定成本
Fixedcostsdividedbythequantityofoutput
Averagerevenue平均收益
Totalrevenuedividedbythequantitysold
Averagetaxrate平均税率
Totaltaxespaiddividedbytotalincome
Averagetotalcost平均总成本
Totalcostdividedbythequantityofoutput
Averagevariablecost平均可变成本
Variablescostsdividedbythequantityofoutput
Accelerator加速数
theeffectonGDPoftheincreaseininvestmentthatresultsfromanincreasein
output.Forinstance,thegreateroutputleadsafirmtobelievethatthedemand
foritsproductswillriseinthefuture;theresultingincreaseininvestmentleads
togrowthinoutputandstillfurtherincreasesininvestment,acceleratingthe
expansionoftheeconomy
后天禀赋Acquiredendowments
resourcesacountrybuildsforitself,likeanetworkofroadsoraneducated
population
Adaptiveexpectations适应性预期
expectationsbasedontheextrapolationofeventsintherecentpastintothefuture
aggregateexpendituresschedule总支出曲线
acurvethattracesouttherelationshipbetweenexpenditures--thesumof
consumption,investment,governmentexpenditures,andnetexports--andthe
nationalincome,atafixedpricelevel
antitrustlaws反托拉斯法
lawsthatdiscouragemonopolyandrestrictivepracticesandencouragegreater
competition
arbitrage套利
theprocessbywhichassetswithcomparablerisk,liquidity,andtaxtreatmentare
pricedtoyieldcomparableexpectedreturns
adverseselection逆向选择
principlethatsaysthatthosewhomostwanttobuyinsurancetendtobethosemost
atrisk,butchargingahighpriceforinsurance(tocoverthehighrisk)will
discouragethoseatlessriskfrombuyinginsuranceatall
资产asset
anyitemthatislong-lived,purchasedfortheserviceitrendersoveritslife
andforwhatonewillreceivewhenonesellsit
assistanceinkind实物援助
publicassistancethatprovidesparticulargoodsandservices,likefoodormedical
care,ratherthancash
asymmetricinformation信息不对称
asituationinwhichthepartiestoatransactionhavedifferentinformation,as
whenthesellerorausedcarhasmoreinformationaboutitsqualitythenthebuyer
autonomousconsumption自主消费
thatpartofconsumptionthatdoesnotdependonincome
averagecosts平均成本
thetotalcostsdividedbythetotaloutput
averageproductivity平均产量
totalquantitydividedbythetotalquantityofinput
B
Benefitsprinciple受益原则
Theideathatpeopleshouldpaytaxesbasedonthebenefitstheyreceivefrom
governmentservices
Bond债券
Acertificateofindebtedness
Budgetconstraint预算约束
Thelimitontheconsumptionbundlesthataconsumercanafford
Budgetdeficit预算赤字
Anexcessofgovernmentspendingovergovernmentreceipts
Budgetsurplus预算盈余
Anexcessofgovernmentreceiptsovergovernmentspendin
barrierstoentry进入障碍
factorsthatpreventfirmsfromenteringamarket,suchasgovernmentrulesor
patents
basiccompetitivemodel基本竞争模型
themodeloftheeconomythatpullstogethertheassumptionsofself-interested
consumers,profitmaximizingfirms,andperfectlycompetitivemarkets
bequestsavingsmotive储蓄的遗产动机
peoplesavesothattheycanleaveaninheritancetotheirchildren
伯特兰竞争Bertrandcompetition
anoligopolyinwhicheachfirmbelievesthatitsrivalsarecommittedtokeeping
theirpricesfixedandthatcustomerscanbeluredawaybyofferinglowerprices
bilateraltrade双边贸易
tradebetweentwoparties
boom繁荣
aperiodoftimewhenresourcesarebeingfullyusedandGDPisgrowingsteadily
C
Capital资本
Theequipmentandstructuresusedtoproducegoodsandservices
Capitalflight资本外流
Alargeandsuddenreductioninthedemandforassetslocatedinacountry
Cartel卡特尔
Agroupoffirmsactinginunison
Catch-upeffect追赶效应
Thepropertythatcountriesthatstartoffpoortendtogrowmorerapidlythan
countriesthatstartoffrich
中央银行Centralbank
Aninstitutiondesignedtooverseethebankingsystemandregulatethequantity
ofmoneyintheeconomy
Ceterisparibus其它条件相同
ALatinphrase,translatedasotherthingsbeingequal,usedasareminderthat
allvariablesotherthantheonesbeingstudiedareassumedtobeconstant
Circular-flowdiagram循环流向图
Avisualmodeloftheeconomythatshowshowdollarsflowthroughmarketsamong
householdsandfirms
Classicaldichotomy古典二分法
Thetheoreticalseparationofnominalandrealvariables
Closedeconomy封闭经济
Aneconomythatdoesnotinteractwithothereconomiesintheworld
Coasetheorem科斯定理
Thepropositionthatifprivatepartiescanbargainwithoutcostovertheallocation
ofresources,theycansolvetheproblemofexternalitiesontheirown
Collectivebargaining集体谈判
Theprocessbywhichunionsandfirmsagreeonthetermsofemployment
勾结Collusion
Anagreementamongfirmsinamarketaboutquantitiestoproduceorpricestocharge
Commoditymoney商品货币
Moneythattakestheformofacommoditywithintrinsicvalue
Commonresources共有资源
Goodsthatarerivalbutnotexcludable
Comparableworth同工同酬
Adoctrineaccordingtowhichjobsdeemedcomparableshouldbepaidthesamewage
Comparativeadvantage比较优势
Thecomparisonamongproducersofagoodaccordingtotheiropportunitycost
Compensatingwagedifferential补偿性工资差别
Adifferenceinwagesthatarisestooffsetthenonmonetarycharacteristicsof
differentjobs
Competitivemarket竞争市场
Amarketwithmanybuyersandsellerstradingidenticalproductssothateachbuyer
andsellerisapricetaker
Complements互补品
Twogoodsforwhichanincreaseinthepriceofonegoodleadstoadecreasein
thedemandfortheothergood
Constantreturnstoscale规模收益不变
Thepropertythatlong-runaveragetotalcoststaysthesameasthequantityof
outputchanges
Consumerpriceindex消费物价指数
Ameasureoftheoverallcostofthegoodsandservicesboughtbyatypicalconsumer
Consumersurplus消费者剩余
Abuyerswillingnesstopayminustheamountthebuyeractuallypays
Consumption消费
Spendingbyhouseholdsongoodsandservices,withtheexceptionofpurchasesof
newhousing
Cost成本
Thevalueofeverythingasellermustgiveuptoproduceagood
Cost-benefitanalysis成本—收益分析
Astudythatcomparesthecostsandbenefitstosocietyofprovidingapublicgood
Crowding-outeffect挤出效应Theoffsetinaggregatedemandthatresultswhen
expansionaryfiscalpolicyraisestheinterestrateandtherebyreducesinvestment
spending
Currency通货
Thepaperbillsandcoinsinthehandsofthepublic
Cyclicalunemployment周期性失业
Thedeviationofunemploymentfromitsnaturalrate
capitalgain资本增值
theincreaseinthevalueofanassetbetweenthetimeitispurchasedandthetime
itissold
capitalmarket资本市场
themarketinwhichsavingsaremadeavailabletoinvestors
categoricalassistance分类帮助
publicassistanceaimedataparticularcategoryofpeople,liketheelderlyor
thedisabled
causation因果关系
relationshipthatresultswhenanchangeinonevariableisnotonlycorrelated
withbutactuallycausesthechangeinanotherone
centralplanning中央计划
thesysteminwhichcentralgovernmentbureaucrats(asopposedtoprivate
produced
bewillwhatdeterminebureaucrats)governmentlocalevenorentrepreneurs
anhowitwillbeproduced
centralization集权
organizationalstructureinwhichdecisionmakingisconcentratedatthetop
centrallyplannedeconomy中央计划经济
aneconomyinwhichmostdecisionsaboutresourceallocationaremadebythecentral
government
certificateofdeposit(CD)存单
accountinwhichmoneyisdepositedforapresetlengthoftime,thatmustyield
aslightlyhigherreturntocompensateforthereducedliquidity
circularflow循环流程
howfundsmovethroughthecapital,labor,andproductmarketsbetweenhouseholds,
firms,thegovernment,andtheforeignsector
classicaleconomists古典经济学家
economistsprevalentbeforetheGreatDepressionwhobelievedthatthebasic
competitivemodelprovidedagooddescriptionoftheeconomyandthatifshort
periodsofunemploymentdidoccur,marketforceswouldquicklyrestoretheeconomy
tofullemployment
古典失业classicalunemployment
unemploymentthatresultsfromtoo-highrealwages;itoccursinthesupply
constrainedequilibrium,sothatrightwardsshiftsinaggregatesupplyreducethe
levelofunemployment
competitiveequilibriumprice竞争性均衡价格
thepriceatwhichthequantitysuppliedandthequantitydemandedareequalto
eachother
consumerprotectionlegislation消费者保护法
lawsaimedatprotectingconsumers,forinstancebyassuringthatconsumershave
morecompleteinformationaboutitemstheyareconsideringbuying
consumersovereignty消费者权益
theprinciplethatholdsthateachindividualisthebestjudgeofwhatmakeshim
betteroff
consumptionfunction消费函数
therelationshipbetweendisposableincomeandconsumption
continge
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