英语故事Betty Friedan.docx
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英语故事Betty Friedan.docx
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英语故事BettyFriedan
英语故事
BettyFriedan
一位作家,一位女权主义者,一位斗士
BettyFriedan
BettyFriedan(February4,1921-February4,2006)wasanAmericanwriter,activistandfeminist.
Aleadingfigureinthe“secondwave”oftheu.s.women’smovement,her1963bookthefemininemystiqueissometimescreditedwithsparkingthe“secondwave”offeminism.Friedanco-foundednationalorganizationforwomenin1966whichaimedtobringwomen“intothemainstreamofAmericansocietynowfullyequalpartnershipwithmen”.Shealsowrotethebookourwaywardsons.
In1970,aftersteppingdownasnow’sfirstpresidentin1969,Friedanorganizedthenation-widewomen’sstrikeforequalityonAugust26,the50thanniversaryofthenineteenthamendmenttotheUnitedStatesconstitutiongrantingwomentherighttovote.Thenationalstrikewassuccessfulbeyondexpectationsinbroadeningthefeministmovement.TheNewYorkCitymarchaloneattractedover50,000women.
Friedanjoinedotherleadingfeminists(includingGloriaSteinem,ShirleyChisholm,FannieLouHammer,BellaAbzug,andmyrtleevesWilliams)infoundingthenationalwomen’spoliticalcaucusin1971.In1977shejoinedsomeofthemovement’smostvisibleandinfluentialleaders,and20,000otherwomen,attheinternationalwomen’syearfederally-fundedconvention,thenationalwomen’sconference,alegislativeconferencewhichsentareporttopresidentJimmyCarter,theUnitedStatescongress,andallthestatesonhowtoachieveequality.
Friedanwasastrongproponentoftherepealofabortionlaws,foundingthenationalassociationfortherepealofabortionlaws,whichafterabortionwaslegalizedin1973,becamethenationalabortionrightsactionleague.Shewasalsoastrongsupporteroftheequalrightsamendmenttotheconstitutionandofmanywomen’slaws.
ThoughsomewhateclipsedbyGloriaSteinemasAmerica’spreeminentfeminist,Friedancontinuedtobeaninfluentialauthorandintellectualandremainedactiveinpoliticsandadvocacyfortherestofherlife,authoringsixbooks.Oneofherlaterbooks,thesecondstage,critiquedwhatFriedansawastheextremistexcessesofsomefeministswhocouldbebroadlyclassifiedasgenderfeminists.
Writingcareer:
Before1963
AfterleavingBerkeley,Friedanbecameajournalistforleftistandunionpublications.Between1943-46shewroteforthefederatedpressandbetween1946-52sheworkedfortheunitedelectricalworkers’UEnews.Oneofherassignmentswastoreportonthehouseun-Americanactivitiescommittee.
FriedanwasdismissedfromtheunionnewspaperUEnewsin1952,becauseshewaspregnantwithhersecondchild.AfterleavingUEnews,shebecameafreelancewriter,andwroteforvariousmagazines,includingcosmopolitan.
Thefemininemystique
Mainarticle:
thefemininemystique
Forher15thcollegereunionin1957,Friedanconductedasurveyofcollegegraduates,focusingontheireducation,theirsubsequentexperiencesandsatisfactionwiththeircurrentlives.Shestartedpublishingarticlesaboutwhatshecalled“theproblemwithnoname,”andgotpassionateresponsesfrommanyhousewivesgratefulthattheywerenotaloneinexperiencingthisproblem.
Friedanthendecidedtoreworkandexpandthistopicintoabook,thefemininemystique.Publishedin1963,itdepictedtherolesofwomeninindustrialsocieties,especiallythefull-timehomemakerrole,whichFriedandeemedstifling.Friedanspeaksofherown‘terror’atbeingalone,andobservesinherlifeneveronceseeingapositivefemalerole-modelwhoworkedandalsokeptafamily.Sheprovidesnumerousaccountsofhousewiveswhofeelsimilarlytrapped.Withherpsychologybackground,FriedanoffersacritiqueofFreud’spenisenvytheory,notingalotofparadoxesinhiswork,andsheattemptstooffersomeanswerstowomenwhowishtopursueaneducation.
The“problemthathasnoname”wasdescribedbyFriedaninthebeginningofthebook:
“Theproblemlayburied,unspoken,formanyyearsinthemindsofAmericanwomen.Itwasastrangestirring,asenseofdissatisfaction,ayearningthatwomensufferedinthemiddleofthe20thcenturyintheUnitedStates.Eachsuburbanwifestruggledwithitalone.Asshemadethebeds,shoppedforgroceries…shewasafraidtoaskevenofherselfthesilentquestion—isthisall?
”
Friedannotedthatwomenareascapableasmentodoanytypeofworkorfollowanycareerpath,andthemassmedia,educators,andpsychologistsarguedtothecontrary.Therestrictionsofthe1950s,andthetrapped,imprisoned,feelingofmanywomenforcedintotheseroles,spoketoAmericanwomenwhosoonbeganattendingconsciousness-raisingsessionsandlobbyingforthereformofoppressivelawsandsocialviewsthatrestrictedwomen.
Thebookbecameabestseller,whichmanyhistoriansbelievewastheimpetusforthe“secondwave”ofthewomen’smovement,andsignificantlyshapednationalandworldevents.
Otherworks
Friedanpublishedsixbooks.Herotherbooksincludethesecondstage,itchangedmylife:
writingsonthewomen’smovement,andthefountainofage.Herautobiography,lifesofar,waspublishedin2000.Beyondgender1997
Activisminthewomen’smovement
Nationalorganizationforwomen
In1966BettyFriedanco-founded,andbecamethefirstpresidentof,thenationalorganizationforwomen.She,withPauliMurray,thefirstblackfemaleEpiscopalpriest,wroteitsmissionstatement.Friedansteppeddownaspresidentin1969.
UnderFriedan,whonowadvocatedfiercelyforthelegalequalityofwomenandmen.Theylobbiedforenforcementoftitleviiofthecivilrightsactof1964andtheequalpayactof1963,thefirsttwomajorlegislativevictoriesofthemovement,andforcedtheequalemploymentopportunitycommissiontostopignoring,andstarttreatingwithdignityandurgency,claimsfiledinvolvingsexdiscrimination.Theysuccessfullycampaignedfora1967executiveorderextendingthesameaffirmativeactiongrantedtoblackstowomenanda1968EEOCdecisionrulingillegalsex-segregatedhelpwantads,laterupheldbytheSupremeCourt.Nowwasvocalinsupportofthelegalizationofabortion,somethingthatdividedsomefeminists.alsodivisiveinthe1960samongwomenwastheequalrightsamendment,whichnowfullyendorsed;bythe1970sthewomenandlaborunionsopposedtoerawarmeduptoitandbegantofullysupportit,nowalsolobbiedfornationalday-care.
In1973,Friedanfoundedthefirstwomen’sbankandtrustcompany.
Women’sstrikeforequality
In1970,now,withFriedanleadingthecausewasinstrumentalinbringingdownthenominationofG.HaroldCarswell,whohadopposedthe1964civilrightsactwhichgrantedwomenandmenworkplaceequality,totheSupremeCourt.Onaugust26,1970,the50thanniversaryofthewomen’ssuffrageamendmenttotheconstitution,Friedanorganizedthenationalwomen’sstrikeforequality,andledamarchof50,000womeninNewYorkCity.Unbelievablysuccessful,themarchexpandedthemovementwidely,toFriedan’sdelight.
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