素材Module 1 文本 Basketball外研.docx
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素材Module 1 文本 Basketball外研.docx
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素材Module1文本Basketball外研
Basketball
Basketball
MichaelJordangoesforaslamdunk
Highestgoverningbody
FIBA
Firstplayed
1891,Springfield,Massachusetts,(USA)
Characteristics
Contact
Contact
Teammembers
12to15(5atatime)
Mixedgender
Single
Category
IndoororOutdoor
Ball
Basketball
Olympic
1936
Basketballisateamsportinwhichtwoteamsoffiveactiveplayerseachtrytoscorepointsagainstoneanotherbypropellingaballthrougha10 feet (3 m)highhoop(thegoal)underorganizedrules.Basketballisoneofthemostpopularandwidelyviewedsportsintheworld.[citationneeded]
Pointsarescoredbyshootingtheballthroughthebasketabove;theteamwithmorepointsattheendofthegamewins.Theballcanbeadvancedonthecourtbybouncingit(dribbling)orpassingitbetweenteammates.Disruptivephysicalcontact(foul)isnotpermittedandtherearerestrictionsonhowtheballcanbehandled(violations).
Throughtime,basketballhasdevelopedtoinvolvecommontechniquesofshooting,passinganddribbling,aswellasplayers'positions,andoffensiveanddefensivestructures.Typically,thetallestmembersofateamwillplaycenteroroneoftwoforwardpositions,whileshorterplayersorthosewhopossessthebestballhandlingskillsandspeed,playtheguardpositions.Whilecompetitivebasketballiscarefullyregulated,numerousvariationsofbasketballhavedevelopedforcasualplay.Insomecountries,basketballisalsoapopularspectatorsport.
Whilecompetitivebasketballisprimarilyanindoorsport,playedonabasketballcourt,lessregulatedvariationshavebecomeexceedinglypopularasanoutdoorsportamongbothinnercityandruralgroups.
History
Thefirstbasketballcourt:
SpringfieldCollege.
InearlyDecember1891,Dr.JamesNaismith,[1]aCanadianphysicaleducationprofessorfromMcGillUniversityofMontréalandinstructoratYMCATrainingSchool[2](today,SpringfieldCollege)inSpringfield,Massachusetts,USA,soughtavigorousindoorgametokeephisstudentsoccupiedandatproperlevelsoffitnessduringthelongNewEnglandwinters.Afterrejectingotherideasaseithertooroughorpoorlysuitedtowalled-ingymnasiums,hewrotethebasicrulesandnailedapeachbasketontoa10-foot(3.05 m)elevatedtrack.Incontrastwithmodernbasketballnets,thispeachbasketretaineditsbottom,andballshadtoberetrievedmanuallyaftereach"basket"orpointscored;thisprovedinefficient,however,soaholewasdrilledintothebottomofthebasket,allowingtheballstobepokedoutwithalongdoweleachtime.Thepeachbasketswereuseduntil1906whentheywerefinallyreplacedbymetalhoopswithbackboards.Afurtherchangewassoonmade,sotheballmerelypassedthrough,pavingthewayforthegameweknowtoday.Asoccerballwasusedtoshootgoals.Wheneverapersongottheballinthebasket,histeamwouldgainapoint.Whicheverteamgotthemostpointswonthegame.[3]Naismith'shandwrittendiaries,discoveredbyhisgranddaughterinearly2006,indicatethathewasnervousaboutthenewgamehehadinvented,whichincorporatedrulesfromachildren'sgamecalled"DuckonaRock",asmanyhadfailedbeforeit.Naismithcalledthenewgame"BasketBall".[4]
ThefirstofficialgamewasplayedintheYMCAgymnasiumonJanuary20,1892withnineplayersandthegameendedat1-0andtheshotwasmadefrom25 feet(7.6 m),onacourtjusthalfthesizeofapresent-dayStreetballorNationalBasketballAssociation(NBA)court.By1897–1898teamsoffivebecamestandard.
Women'sbasketballbeganin1892atSmithCollegewhenSendaBerenson,aphysicaleducationteacher,modifiedNaismith'srulesforwomen.ShortlyaftershewashiredatSmith,shewenttoNaismithtolearnmoreaboutthegame.Fascinatedbythenewsportandthevaluesitcouldteach,sheorganizedthefirstwomen’scollegiatebasketballgameonMarch21,1893,whenherSmithfreshmenandsophomoresplayedagainstoneanother.Herruleswerefirstpublishedin1899andtwoyearslaterBerensonbecametheeditorofA.G.Spalding’sfirstWomen'sBasketballGuide,whichfurtherspreadherversionofbasketballforwomen.
Basketball'searlyadherentsweredispatchedtoYMCAsthroughouttheUnitedStates,anditquicklyspreadthroughtheUSAandCanada.By1895,itwaswellestablishedatseveralwomen'shighschools.WhiletheYMCAwasresponsibleforinitiallydevelopingandspreadingthegame,withinadecadeitdiscouragedthenewsport,asroughplayandrowdycrowdsbegantodetractfromtheYMCA'sprimarymission.However,otheramateursportsclubs,colleges,andprofessionalclubsquicklyfilledthevoid.IntheyearsbeforeWorldWarI,theAmateurAthleticUnionandtheIntercollegiateAthleticAssociationoftheUnitedStates(forerunneroftheNCAA)viedforcontrolovertherulesforthegame.Thefirstproleague,theNationalBasketballLeague,wasformedin1898toprotectplayersfromexploitationandtopromotealessroughgame.Thisleagueonlylasted5years.
Bythe1950s,basketballhadbecomeamajorcollegesport,thuspavingthewayforagrowthofinterestinprofessionalbasketball.In1959,abasketballHallofFamewasfoundedinSpringfield,Massachusetts.Itsrostersincludethenamesofgreatplayers,coaches,refereesandpeoplewhohavecontributedsignificantlytothedevelopmentofthegame.
Basketballwasoriginallyplayedwithasoccerball.Thefirstballsmadespecificallyforbasketballwerebrown,anditwasonlyinthelate1950sthatTonyHinkle,searchingforaballthatwouldbemorevisibletoplayersandspectatorsalike,introducedtheorangeballthatisnowincommonuse.Dribblingwasnotpartoftheoriginalgameexceptforthe"bouncepass"toteammates.Passingtheballwastheprimarymeansofballmovement.Dribblingwaseventuallyintroducedbutlimitedbytheasymmetricshapeofearlyballs.Dribblingonlybecameamajorpartofthegamearoundthe1950sasmanufacturingimprovedtheballshape.
Basketball,netball,dodgeball,volleyball,andlacrossearetheonlyballgameswhichhavebeenidentifiedasbeinginventedbyNorthAmericans.Otherballgames,suchasbaseballandCanadianfootball,haveCommonwealthofNations,European,AsianorAfricanconnections.AlthoughthereisnodirectevidenceasyetthattheideaofbasketballcamefromtheancientMesoamericanballgame,knowledgeofthatgamehadbeenavailableforatleast50yearspriortoNaismith'screationinthewritingsofJohnLloydStephensandAlexandervonHumboldt.Stephen'sworksespecially,whichincludeddrawingsbyFrederickCatherwood,wereavailableatmosteducationalinstitutionsinthe19thcenturyandalsohadwidepopularcirculation.
Collegebasketballandearlyleagues
Naismithwasinstrumentalinestablishingcollegebasketball.HecoachedattheUniversityofKansasforsixyearsbeforehandingthereinstorenownedcoachForrest"Phog"Allen.Naismith'sdiscipleAmosAlonzoStaggbroughtbasketballtotheUniversityofChicago,whileAdolphRupp,astudentofNaismith'satKansas,enjoyedgreatsuccessascoachattheUniversityofKentucky.In1892,UniversityofCaliforniaandMissHead'sSchool,playedthefirstwomen'sinter-institutionalgame.Berenson'sfreshmenplayedthesophomoreclassinthefirstwomen'scollegiatebasketballgameatSmithCollege,March21,1893.Thesameyear,MountHolyokeandSophieNewcombCollege(coachedbyClaraGregoryBaer)womenbeganplayingbasketball.By1895,thegamehadspreadtocollegesacrossthecountry,includingWellesley,VassarandBrynMawr.OnFebruary9,1895Thefirstintercollegiate5-on-5gamewasplayedatHamlineUniversitybetweenHamlineandtheSchoolofAgriculturewhichwasaffiliatedwithUniversityofMinnesota.[5][6]TheSchoolofAgriculturewonina9-3game.Thefirstintercollegiatewomen'sgamewasonApril4,1896.StanfordwomenplayedBerkeley,9-on-9,endingina2-1Stanfordvictory.In1901,colleges,includingtheUniversityofChicago,ColumbiaUniversity,DartmouthCollege,UniversityofMinnesota,theU.S.NavalAcademy,theUniversityofUtahandYaleUniversitybegansponsoringmen'sgames.By1910,frequentinjuriesonthemen'scourtspromptedPresidentTheodoreRoosevelttosuggestthatcollegebasketballformagoverningbody,resultinginthecreationoftheIntercollegiateAthleticAssociationoftheUnitedStates(IAAUS).In1910,thatbodywouldchangeitsnametotheNationalCollegiateAthleticAssociation(NCAA).
ThefirstCanadianinteruniversitybasketballgamewasplayedinKingston,OntarioinDecember,1902,whenMcGillUniversityvisitedQueen'sUniversity;McGillwon10-6.
Teamsaboundedthroughoutthe1920s.Therewerehundredsofmen'sprofessionalbasketballteamsintownsandcitiesallovertheUnitedStatesandlittleorganizationoftheprofessionalgame.Playersjumpedfromteamtoteamandteamsplayedinarmoriesandsmokydancehalls.Leaguescameandwent.BarnstormingsquadssuchastheOriginalCelticsandtwoallAfricanAmericanteams,theNewYorkRenaissanceFive("Rens")and(stillinexistenceasof2008)theHarlemGlobetrottersplayeduptotwohundredgamesayearontheirnationaltours.Women'sbasketballwasmorestructured.In1905,theNationalWomen'sBasketballCommittee'sExecutiveCommitteeonBasketBallRuleswascreatedbytheAmericanPhysicalEducationAssociation.Theserulescalledforsixtonineplayersperteamand11officials.TheInternationalWomen'sSportsFederation(1924)includedawomen'sbasketballcompetition.37women'shighschoolvarsitybasketballorstatetournamentswereheldby1925.Andin1926,theAmateurAthleticUnionbackedthefirstnationalwomen'sbasketballchampionship,completewithmen'srules.Thefirstwomen'
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