Literary Terms.docx
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Literary Terms.docx
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LiteraryTerms
LiteraryTerms:
Allegory寓言:
astoryorvisualimagewithaseconddistinctmeaningpartiallyhiddenbehinditsliteralorvisiblemeaning.Theprincipaltechniqueofallegoryispersonification,wherebyabstractqualitiesaregivenhumanshape,asinpublicstatueofLibertyorJustice.ThemostfamousreligiousallegoryinEnglishisBunyan’sThePilgrim’sProgress.
Alliteration头韵诗:
regularrepetitionofthesamesounds---usu.Initialconsonantsofwordsorofstressedsyllables---inOldandMiddleEnglishverse.
Ballad歌谣/民谣:
afolksongororallytransmittedpoemtellinginadirectanddramaticmannersomepopularstoryderivedfromhistoryorlegend.Thestoryistoldsimply,impersonally,andoftenwithvividdialogue.Balladsarenormallycomposedinquatrainswithdifferentrhymeschemes.AppearinginmanypartsofEuropeinthelateMiddleAges,balladsflourishedparticularlyinScotlandfromthe15thcentury,andlatereducatedpoetsstartedtousetheform.Coleridge’s“RimeoftheAncientMariner”(1798)isacelebratedexample.
Bildungsroman成长小说:
(plural–ane),akindofnovelthatfollowsthedevelopmentoftheheroorheroinefromchildhoodoradolescenceintoadulthood,throughatroubledquestforidentity.ThetermcomesfromGermany,whereGoethe’sWilhelmMeister’sLehrjahre(1795-6)setthepatternforlaterbildungsromane.
Blankverse无韵诗:
unrhymedlinesofiambicpentameter.ItisaveryflexibleEnglishverseformwhichcanattainrhetoricalgrandeurwhileechoingthenaturalrhythmsofspeech.ItwasfirstusedbyHenryHoward,EarlofSurrey,andsoonbecameapopularformfornarrativeanddramaticpoetry.Marlowe,Shakespeare,Milton,Wordsworth,Tennyson,StevensandRobertFrostarefondofthisform.
Book(s)章:
alargersectionofalongpoem,usu.anarrativepoem.
Canto(s)篇:
asectionofalongpoem.
Classicism古典主义:
abodyofdoctrinethoughttobederivedfromortoreflectthequalitiesofancientGreekandRomanculture,particularlyinliterature,philosophy,art,orcriticism.Classicismstandsforcertaindefiniteideasandattitudes,mainlydrawnfromthecriticalutterancesoftheGreeksandRomansordevelopedthroughanimitationofancientartandliterature.Theseincluderestraint,restrictedscope,dominanceofreason,senseofform,unityofdesignandaim,clarity,balance,logicalorganization,goodstyle,self-control,intellectualism,decorum,respectfortradition,andgoodsense.InEnglishliteratureclassicismhasbeenanimportantforcesinceRenaissancetimes.Thehumanistswereconsciousadvocatesofclassicaldoctrine.
Comedy喜剧:
aplaywrittenchieflytoamuseitsaudiencebyappealingtoasenseofsuperiorityoverthecharactersdepicted.Acomedywillnormallybeclosertoeverydaylifethanatragedy,andwillexplorecommonhumanfailingsratherthantragedy’sdisastrouscrimes.Itsendingwillusuallybehappyfortheleadingcharacters.Amongitslesssophisticatedformsareburlesque讽刺模仿andfarce闹剧.
Epic英雄史诗:
alongnarrativepoeminelevatedstylepresentingcharactersofhighrelationtoacentralfigureofheroicproportionsandthroughtheirdevelopmentofepisodesimportanttothehistoryofanationorrace.Someofthefeaturesare:
1.theheroisafigureofimposingstature,ofnationalorinternationalimportance,andofgreathistoricalorlegendarysignificance;2.thesettingisvastinscope,coveringgreatnations,theworld,ortheuniverse;3.theactionconsistsofdeedsofgreatvalororrequiringsuperhumancourage;4.supernaturalforces---gods,angels,anddemons---interestthemselvesintheactionandintervenefromtimetotime;5.astyleofsustainedelevationandgrandsimplicityisused;and6.theepicpoetrecountsthedeedsoftheheroeswithobjectivity.SomefamousepicsareHomer’sTheIliadandTheOdyssey,theOldEnglishBeowulf,Virgil’sAeneid,Dante’sDivineComedy,Milton’sParadiseLost.
Epiphany顿悟:
thetermusedinChristiantheologyforamanifestationofGod’spresenceintheworld.ItwastakenoverJamesJoycetodenotesecularrevelationintheeverydayworld,“asuddenspiritualmanifestation”inwhichthe“whatness”ofacommonobjectorgestureappearsradianttotheobserver.MuchofJoyce’sworkisbuiltaroundsuchspecialmomentsofsuddeninsight.
Epistolarynovel书信体小说:
anovelwrittenintheformofaseriesoflettersexchangedamongthecharactersofthestory,withextractsfromtheirjournalssometimesincluded.ImportantexamplesincludeRichardson’sPamela(1740-1)andClarissa(1747-8).
Essay(Fr.tryout)散文:
ashortwrittencompositioninprosethatdiscussesasubjectorproposesanargumentwithoutclaimingtoacompleteorthoroughexposition.Aminorliteraryform,theessayismorerelaxedthantheformalacademicdissertation.ThetermwascoinedbytheFrenchwriterMicheldeMontaigneinthetitleofhisEssais(1580).FranicsBacon’sEssays(1597)beganthetraditionofessaysinEnglish,ofwhichimportantexamplesarethoseofAddison,Steele,Hazlitt,Emerson,D.H.Lawrence,andVirginaWoolf.
Feet/foot步/节:
therhythmicunitwithinaline.
Freeverse自由诗:
poetrythatdoesnotconformtoanyregularmetre;thelengthofitslinesisirregular,andthereisnoobviousrhymescheme.
Gothicnovel/romance哥特小说:
astoryofterrorandsuspense,usu.setinagloomyoldcastleormonastery.FollowingtheappearanceofHoraceWalpole’sTheCastleofOtranto(1764),thegothicnovelflourishedinBritainfromthe1790stothe1820s,dominatedbyAnnRadcliffe,whoseMysteryofUdolpho(1794)hadmanyimitators.Inanextendedsense,manynovelsthatdonothaveamedievalizedsetting,butwhichshareacomparablysinister,grotesque,orclaustrophobicatmospherehavebeenclassedasgothic:
MaryShelley’sFrankenstein(1818)isafineexample.Poe,Faulknerandmanyotherswrotegothicstoriesandnovels.
Graveyardpoetry墓园诗歌:
thetermappliedtoaminorbutinfluential18th-centurytraditionofmeditativepoemsonmortalityandimmortality,oftensetingraveyards.Theso-called“graveyardschool”ofpoetsinEnglandandScotlandwasnotinfactanorganizedgroup.ThebestknownexamplesofthismelancholickindofverseareEdwardYoung’sNightThoughts(1742-6)andThomasGray’s“ElegyWritteninaCountryChurchyard”(1751).TheseworkshadmanyimitatorsinEurope,andconstituteasignificantcurrentofpreromanticism.
Heroiccouplet英雄双行诗:
rhymediambicpentameterlinesinpairs.
Hyperbole:
exaggerationforthesakeofemphasis.Aneverydayexampleisthecomplaint“I’vebeenwaitinghereforages.”
Irony冷讽:
asubtlyhumorousperceptionofinconsistency.Inverbalirony,onesaysonething,butmeansanother.Indramaticirony,theaudienceknowsmoreaboutacharacter’ssituationthanthecharacterdoes,foreseeinganoutcomecontrarytothecharacter’sexpectations.
Line(s)诗行:
basicunitofapoem,likeasentenceinprose.
Lyric抒情诗:
inthemodernsense,anyfairlyshortpoemexpressingthepersonalmood,feeling,ormeditationofasinglespeaker.Lyricsmaybecomposedinalmostanymetreandonalmosteverysubject,althoughthemostusualemotionspresentedarethoseofloveandgrief.Amongthecommonlyricformsaresonnet,ode颂歌,elegy挽歌,andthemorepersonalkindsofhymn赞歌.
Magicrealism魔幻现实主义:
akindofmodernfictioninwhichfabulousandfantasticaleventsareincludedinanarrativethatotherwisemaintainsthereliabletoneofobjectiverealisticreport.ThetermwasonceappliedtoatrendinGermanfictionoftheearly1950s,butisnowassociatedchieflywithcertainleadingnovelistsofcentralandSouthAmerica.GabrielGarciaMarquez’sOneHundredYearsofSolitude(19670isoftencitedasaleadingexample.Thetermhasalsobeenextendedtoworksfromverydifferentcultures,designatingatendencyofthemodernnoveltoreachbeyondtheconfinesofrealismanddrawupontheenergiesoffable,folktale,andmythwhileretainingastrongcontemporarysocialrelevance.Thefantasticattributesgiventocharactersincludelevitation,flight,telepathy,telekinesis.
Metaphor隐喻:
themostimportantandwidespreadfigureofspeech,inwhichonething,idea,oractionisreferredtobyawordorexpressionnormallydenotinganotherthing,idea,oraction,soastosuggestsomecommonqualitysharedbythetwo.Inmetaphor,theresemblanceisassumedasanimaginaryidentityratherthandirectlystatedasacomparison:
referringtoamanasthatpigismetaphorical,whereasheislikeapigisasimile.
Metaphysicalpoets玄学派诗人:
thenamegiventoadiversegroupof17th-centuryEnglishpoetswhoseworkisnotableforitsingenioususeofintellectualandtheologicalconceptsinsurprisingconceits,strangeparadoxes,andfar-fetchedimagery.TheleadingmetaphysicalpoetwasJohnDonne,whosecolloquial,argumentativeabruptnessofrhythmandtonedistinguishedhisstylefromtheconventionsofElizabethanlovelyrics.Inthe20thcentury,T.S.Eliotandothersrevivedit.
Meter律:
therhythm,thepatternofstressedandunstressedsyllablesinverse.
Syllabicclassification:
Iamb(ic)---^/^/抑扬格e.g.Comelivewithmeandbemylove
Trochee(aic)---/^/^扬抑格
Anapaest(ic)---^^/^^/抑抑扬格
Dactyl(ic)---/^^/^^扬抑抑格
Spondee(aic)---//扬扬格
Number步:
monometerdimetertrimetertetrameter
pentameterhexameterheptameteroctameterdecameter
Metonymy转喻:
afigureofspeechthatreplacesthenameofonethingwiththenameofsomethingelsecloselyassociatedwithit.E.g.thebottleforalcoholicdrink,thepressforjournalism.Animportantkindofmetonymyissynecdoche,inwhichthenameofapartissubstitutedforthatofawhole(e.g.handforworker),orviceversa.
Mockepic(讽刺)模仿史诗:
apoememployingtheloftystyleandtheconventionsofepicpoetrytodescribeatrivialorundignifieds
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