量子计算外文翻译中英文.docx
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量子计算外文翻译中英文.docx
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量子计算外文翻译中英文
量子计算中英文2019
英文
FROMBITSTOQUBITS,FROMCOMPUTINGTOQUANTUMCOMPUTING:
ANEVOLUTIONONTHEVERGEOFAREVOLUTIONINTHECOMPUTINGLANDSCAPE
PirjanAlexandru;PetroşanuDana-Mihaela.
ABSTRACT
The"Quantum Computing"concepthasevolvedtoanewparadigminthe computing landscape,havingthepotentialtostronglyinfluencethefieldofcomputerscienceandallthefieldsthatmakeuseofinformationtechnology.Inthispaper,wefocusfirstonanalysingthespecialpropertiesofthe quantum realm,asaproperhardwareimplementationofa quantum computing systemmusttakeintoaccounttheseproperties.Afterwards,wehaveanalyzedthemainhardwarecomponentsrequiredbya quantum computer,itshardwarestructure,themostpopulartechnologiesforimplementing quantum computers,likethetrappediontechnology,theonebasedonsuperconductingcircuits,aswellasotheremergingtechnologies.Ourstudyoffersimportantdetailsthatshouldbetakenintoaccountinordertocomplementsuccessfullytheclassicalcomputerworldofbitswiththeenticingoneofqubits.
KEYWORDS:
Quantum Computing,Qubits,TrappedIonTechnology,Superconducting Quantum Circuits,Superposition,Entanglement,Wave-ParticleDuality, Quantum Tunnelling
1.INTRODUCTION
The"Quantum Computing"concepthasitsrootsinthe"Quantum Mechanics"physicssubdomainthatspecifiesthewayhowincrediblysmallparticles,uptothesubatomiclevel,behave.Startingfromthisconcept,the Quantum Computing hasevolvedtoanewparadigminthe computing landscape.Initially,theconceptwasputforwardinthe1980sasameanforenhancingthe computing capabilityrequiredtomodelthewayinwhich quantum physicalsystemsact.Afterwards,inthenextdecade,theconcepthasdrawnanincreasedlevelofinterestduetotheShor'salgorithm,which,ifithadbeenputintopracticeusinga quantum computing machine,itwouldhaveriskeddecryptingclassifieddataduetotheexponentialcomputationalspeeduppotentialofferedby quantumcomputing [1].
However,asthedevelopmentofthe quantum computing machineswasinfeasibleatthetime,thewholeconceptwasonlyoftheoreticalvalue.Nowadays,whatwasoncethoughttobesolelyatheoreticalconcept,evolvedtobecomearealityinwhich quantum informationbits(entitled"qubits")canbestoredandmanipulated.Bothgovernmentalandprivatecompaniesalikehaveanincreasedinterestinleveragingtheadvantagesofferedbythehugecomputationalspeeduppotentialprovidedbythe quantum computing techniquesincontrasttotraditionalones[2].
Oneoftheaspectsthatmakethedevelopmentof quantum computersattractiveconsistsinthefactthattheshrinkageofsilicontransistorsatthenanometerscalethathasbeentakingplaceformorethan50yearsaccordingtoMoore'slawbeginstodrawtoahalt,thereforearisingtheneedforanalternatesolution[3].
Nevertheless,themostimportantfactorthataccountsforboostingtheinterestin quantum computing isrepresentedbythehugecomputationalpowerofferedbythesesystemsandthefactthattheirdevelopmentfrombothhardwareandsoftwareperspectiveshasbecomeareality. Quantum computing managedtosurpassthecomputabilitythesisofChurchTuring,whichstatesthatforany computing device,itspowercomputationcouldincreaseonlyinapolynomialmannerwhencomparedtoa"standard"computer,entitledtheTuringmachine[4].
Duringthetime,hardwarecompanieshavedesignedandlaunched"classical" computing machineswhoseprocessingperformancehasbeenimprovingoverthetimeusingtwomainapproaches:
firstly,theoperationshavebeenacceleratedthroughanincreasedprocessingclockfrequencyandsecondly,throughanincreaseinthenumberofoperationsperformedduringeachprocessingclock'scycle[5].
Althoughthe computing processingpowerhasincreasedsubstantiallyafterhavingappliedtheabove-mentionedapproaches,theoverallgainhasremainedinaccordancewiththethesisofChurch-Turing.Afterwards,in1993,BernsteinandVaziranihavepublishedin[6]atheoreticalanalysisstatingthattheextendedChurch-Turingthesiscanbesurpassedbymeansof quantum computing.Inthefollowingyear,PeterShorhasprovedinhispaperthatbymeansof quantumcomputing thefactorizationofalargenumbercanbeachievedwithanexponentially computing speedupwhencomparedtoaclassical computing machine[7-9].Astonishingasthetheoreticalframeworkwas,aviablehardwareimplementationwasstilllackingatthetime.
Thefirststepsforsolvingthisissuehavebeenmadein1995,whenscientistshavelaidthefoundationsforatechnologybasedonatrappedionsystem[10]andafterwards,in1999,foratechnologyemployingsuperconductingcircuits[11].Basedontheadvancementoftechnology,overthelastdecades,researchershaveobtainedhugeprogressinthisfield,thereforebecomingabletobuildandemploythefirst quantum computing systems.
Whileinthecaseofaclassical computing machinethedataisstoredandprocessedasbits(havingthevalues0or1),inthecaseofa quantum computingmachine,thebasicunitof quantum informationunderwhichthedataisstoredandprocessedisrepresentedbythe quantum bits,orqubitsthatcanhavebesidesthevaluesof0and1,acombinationofboththesevaluesinthesametime,representinga"superposition"ofthem[12].
Atacertainmomentintime,thebinaryvaluesofthenbitscorrespondingtoaclassicalcomputerdefineacertainstateforit,whileinthecaseofa quantumcomputer,atacertainmomentintime,anumberofnqubitshavethepossibilitytodefinealltheclassicalcomputer'sstates,thereforecoveringanexponentialincreasedcomputationalvolume.Nevertheless,inordertoachievethis,thequbitsmustbe quantum entangled,anon-localpropertythatmakesitpossibleforseveralqubitstobecorrelatedatahigherlevelthanitwaspreviouslypossibleinclassical computing.Inthispurpose,inordertobeabletoentangletwoorseveralqubits,aspecificcontrolledenvironmentandspecialconditionsmustbemet[13].
Duringthelastthreedecades,alotofstudieshavebeenaimingtoadvancethestateofknowledgeinordertoattainthespecialconditionsrequiredtobuildfunctional quantum computing systems.Nowadays,besidesthemostpopulartechnologiesemployedinthedevelopmentof quantum computing systems,namelytheonesbasedontrappedionsystemsandsuperconductingcircuits,awiderangeofotheralternativeapproachesarebeingextensivelytestedincomplexresearchprojectsinordertosuccessfullyimplementqubitsandachieve quantum computing [14].
Onemusttakeintoaccountthefactthatalongwiththenewhardwarearchitecturesandimplementationsof quantum computing systems,newchallengesarisefromthefactthatthisnew computing landscapenecessitatesnewoperations, computing algorithms,specializedsoftware,allofthesebeingdifferentthantheonesusedinthecaseofclassicalcomputers.
Aproperhardwareimplementationofa quantum computing systemmusttakeintoaccountthespecialpropertiesofthe quantum realm.Therefore,thispaperfocusesfirstonanalyzingthesecharacteristicsandafterwardsonpresentingthemainhardwarecomponentsrequiredbya quantum computer,itshardwarestructure,themostpopulartechnologiesforimplementing quantum computers,likethetrappediontechnology,theonebasedonsuperconductingcircuits,aswellasotheremergingtechnologies.Ourdevelopedresearchoffersimportantdetailsthatshouldbetakenintoaccountinordertocomplementsuccessfullytheclassicalcomputerworldofbitswiththeenticingoneofqubits.
2.SPECIALPROPERTIESOFTHE QUANTUM REALM
Thehugeprocessingpowerof quantum computersresultsfromthecapacityof quantum bitstotakeallthebinaryvaluessimultaneouslybutharnessingthisvastamountofcomputationalpotentialisachallengingtaskduetothespecialpropertiesofthe quantum realm.Whilesomeofthesespecialpropertiesbringconsiderablebenefitstowards quantum computing,thereareothersthatcanhinderthewholeprocess.
Oneofthemostaccurateandextensivelytestedtheorythatcomprehensiblydescribesourphysicalworldis quantum mechanics.Whilethistheoryoffersintuitiveexplanationsforlarge-scaleobjects,whilestillveryaccuratealsoatthesubatomiclevel,theexplanationsmightseemcounterintuitiveatthefirstsight.Atthe quantum level,anobjectdoesnothaveacertainpredefinedstate,theobjectcanbehavelikeaparticlewhenameasurementisperformeduponitandlikeawaveifleftunmeasured,thisrepresentingaspecial quantum propertyentitledwave-particleduality[15].
Theglobalstateofa quantum systemisdeterminedbytheinterferenceofthemultitudeofstatesthattheobjectscansimultaneouslyhaveata quantum level,thestatebeingmathematicallydescribedthroughawavefunction.Actually,thesystem'sstateisoftendescribedbythesumofthedifferentpossiblestatesofitscomponents,multipliedbyacoefficientconsistinginacomplexnumber,representing,foreachstate,itsrelativeweight[16,17].Forsuchacomplexcoefficient,bytakingintoconsiderationitstrigonometric(polar)form,onecanwriteitundertheformAew=A(cos6+isind),whereA>0representsthemoduleofthiscomplexnumberandisdenotedasthe"amplitude",whileвrepresentstheargumentofthecomplexnumber,beingdenotedas"thephaseshift".Therefore,thecomplexcoefficientisknownifthetworealnumbersAandвareknown.
Alltheconstitutivecomponentsofa quantum systemhavewave-likeproperties,thereforebeingconsidered"coherent".Inthecaseofcoherence,thedifferentstatesofthe quantum componentsinteractbetweenthem,eitherinaconstructivemannerorin
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