跨文化交际unit4.docx
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跨文化交际unit4.docx
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跨文化交际unit4
Unit4词汇与意义
⏹教学内容:
⏹
(1)词汇的概念意义、内涵意义、社会意义、情感意义和搭配意义。
⏹
(2)中英词汇对比
⏹基本要求:
⏹了解词汇在语言的跨文化交际中的地位,掌握词汇的几种意义,中英语言在词汇方面存在的差别。
重点是词汇的内涵意义及中英词汇的差别。
Importance
⏹Ifwewanttostudythedifferencebetweentwolanguages,wehavetobeginwiththestudyofthewordsinthetwolanguages.Becausethecloserelationshipbetweenlanguageandcultureismostreadilyseeninwords.
Section1Typesofmeanings
⏹1.Conceptualmeaning概念意义
⏹thebasicmeaningpresentedbyaword.Itreferstological,cognitive(认知的),referential(指示的),ordenotative(外延的)content.
⏹alsoknownassurfacemeaningordenotativemeaning外延意义,dictionarymeaningorliteralmeaning字面意义ofaword.
FeaturesofConceptualmeaning概念意义
⏹1.Itisthecoreofthemeaningofaword.Itisthebasicmeaningrepresentedbymeaningfullinguisticunits.It’srecordedinthedictionary.
⏹E.g.woman-anadultfemalehumanbeing.
⏹Dog-afour-leggedanimalwhichcanmakethesoundofbarking
⏹2.Itcanbedividedintosomesemanticcomponents(语义成
⏹分).
⏹Woman:
+animate(有生命)+human(人)-male(男性)-adult(成年)I
⏹boy:
⏹3.Itisrelativelyconstantandstable,becauseitisthemeaningagreeduponbyallthemembersofthesamespeechcommunity.Butitmayalsovary.
⏹Manuscript=“手稿”nowalsoincluding文稿printedfromtypewriterorcomputer
Note:
Manydifferentwordscanhavethesameconceptualmeaning
⏹walk
⏹tomoveforwardbyplacingonefootinfrontoftheother. Thenewlyweds新婚夫妇strolleddown漫步thestreetsofParis.
⏹Thewealthybusinessmanswaggered大摇大摆地intotherestaurantanddemandedatable.
Theoverweightmanlumbered笨重地行动along,breathingheavilyandoccasionallytripping.
⏹Thesesynonyms,althoughwithdifferentconnotativemeanings内涵意义,havethesameconceptualmeaning.
TheEnglishWordsuniqueinEnglishculture
⏹A.wordsrelatedwithgeography
⏹e.g.NewEngland,Canberra,NorthernIreland,Sydney,London,Edinburgh,Greenwich,Quebec,Ottawa,
⏹TheThamesRiver,St.Lawrence,BritishIsles,TheRockyMountains(落基山脉),TheMississippiRiver,TheNiagaraFalls,
⏹koala,kangaroo,tornado(龙卷风)
⏹TheGreatBarrierReef,SiliconValley,YellowstonePark,
⏹Summary:
Allthesehavetheirowngeographicalfeatures:
places,plantsandanimalsuniquelyfoundinUSA,GreatBritainandAustralia;Theyallrepresentmeaninguniqueintheirowncultures;TheirChineseequivalentsareonlyusedbytheChinesepeopleasmerenames,whichhavelosttheirdistinctivegeographicalandculturalfeatures.
TheEnglishWordsuniqueinEnglishculture
⏹A.wordsrelatedwithgeography
⏹e.g.
⏹U.S.A:
NewEngland,TheRockyMountains,TheMississippiRiver,TheNiagaraFalls,YellowstonePark,SiliconValley
⏹Britain:
BritishIsles,NorthernIreland,London,Edinburgh,Greenwich,TheThamesRiver,Rose
⏹Canada:
Ottawa,Quebec,St.Lawrence,
⏹Australia:
Canberra,Sydney,TheGreatBarrierReef,koala,kangaroo
⏹B.wordsandhistory
⏹theMayFlower
⏹(theshipinwhichagroupof
⏹BritishPuritanswhowerealso
⏹knownaspilgrimfatherssailedto
⏹Americain1620.
⏹Therevolutionarywar
⏹(thestruggleofthe13coloniesinNorthAmericaforindependencefromtheBritishrulebetween1775-1783)
⏹Scalp(头皮)
⏹(toteartheskinonthetopandbackofheadandthehairattachedfromanenemybyanNorthAmericanIndianasatrophy战利品)
⏹
⏹Knight
⏹(amangiventherankofknighthoodbytheBritishMonarchinrecognitionofmeritsinpublicservice)
⏹Hippy/Hippie
⏹(ayoungmanandyoungwomanwhorejectsauthority,existinginstitutionsandconventionalattitudestowardsmorality,styleofdress,etc.)
⏹C.wordandpolitics
⏹USA:
President,Secretary,Congress,Senate,theHouseofRepresentatives,TheDemocraticParty,TheRepublicanParty,theSupremeCourt
⏹GreatBritain:
Parliament议会:
thesupremelegislativebodyoftheUnitedKingdom.Itcomprisesthesovereign,theHouseofLordsandtheHouseofCommons.议会两院尤指英国由上议院和下议院构成的国家立法机关;PrimeMinister,TheConservativeParty,TheLabourParty,SupremeCourtofJudicature司法
⏹Governor行政长官
⏹theofficialtitleoftherepresentativeoftheBritishmonarchinaBritishcolony.
⏹Governorgeneral总督
⏹thepersonalrepresentativeoftheBritishcrownintheindependentnationsofthecommonwealth.
⏹e.g.TheCanadianGovernorGeneral
⏹Constitutionalmonarchy君主立宪制
⏹amonarchyinwhichthepowersoftherulersarerestrictedtothosegrantedundertheconstitutionandlawsofthenation
D.wordsandreligion
⏹Bible
⏹acollectionofreligiousbookscomprisingtheOldTestamentandNewTestament
⏹reformation:
宗教改革
⏹a16thcenturyreligiousmovementagainsttheabusesintheRomanCatholicChurch,endingintheformationofProtestantChurches.
⏹Christmasbox耶诞礼物或礼金
⏹moneygivenatChristmastimetothedustmenandotherswhoprovideaservicethroughouttheyear.
⏹Boxingday节礼日
⏹thefirstweekdayafterChristmas,alegalholidayinEngland
⏹Easter
⏹thechiefChristianfeast,whichcelebratestheResurrectionofChrist,onthefirstSundayafterthefullmoonthatcoincideswithorcomesafterthespringequinox.
E.wordsandHolidays
Christmascake/pudding/card/tree/carol/stocking
FatherChristmas),SantaClaus(A)
⏹F.wordsandcurrency
⏹Pound,penny;theAmericandollar,cent,quarter,nickel
⏹G.Wordsandlaw
⏹Court,judge,jury,lawyer,attorney(A)
⏹H.Wordsandwayoflife
⏹SnackBar,roastbeef,hamburger,sandwich,barbecue,cocktail,champagne;pajamas,suite,dress;subway,Greyhoundbus;drive-ins,diner,
⏹I.wordsandsports
⏹Football,soccer,rugby,hockey,cricket
⏹J.wordsandsex
⏹Striptease,sexstore,sexualinterference,prostitute,whorehouse
⏹K.wordsandpersonality
⏹GB:
reserve,practical,insularism偏执
⏹USA:
individualism,rapidpaceoflife,direct,promptness,informality,originality,materialism
EnglishworkspartlycorrespondingwithChinesewordsinconceptualmeaning
⏹1.Intellectual--知识分子
⏹2.socialsciences--社会科学
⏹3.drugstore--药店
⏹[美]杂货店(出售药物、糖果、饮料,化妆品,杂志及其他杂物的店铺)
⏹4.Morning=午夜+凌晨+黎明+早晨+上午
⏹5.Young(18-40),middle-aged(40-60),old(over60)-------老中青
⏹Discussion:
discusstheconceptualdifferencesbetweenthewordsineachpair
⏹yard--院子
⏹peasant--农民
⏹idealist-唯心主义者
⏹materialist--唯物主义者
"family"andjiating(家庭)
⏹AnAmerican(A)attendedherChinesefriend's(B)wedding.Twoyearslater,thetwometagain.
⏹A:
Haveyoustartedafamily'!
⏹B:
Oh,yes.Youattendedmywedding,remember?
⏹A:
Imeanifyou'vehadchildren.
⏹Hereweseethat'family'meansmorethanjiating(家庭),thoughtheyseemtobeequivalents.
2.Connotativemeaning内涵意义
⏹theimplication(含义,暗示)ofwords,apartfromitsprimarymeaning.
Itisthecommunicativevaluethatanexpressionhasinadditiontothepurelyconceptualmeaning.Itvariesfromculturetocultureandfromindividualtoindividual
⏹E.g.Woman
⏹Physical:
biped(双足的),havingawomb(子宫)
⏹Personality:
gentle,compassionate,sensitive,hard-working,frail脆弱的,emotional,pronetotears,irrational,inconstant变化无常的,subjecttomaternalinstinct,behavior:
capableofspeech,experiencedincookery,skirtordresswearing,
⏹Dog
⏹loyaltoowner,fierce凶猛的,violent
FeaturesofConnotativemeaning内涵意义
⏹1.Despiteculturalbackgrounddifference,somecorrespondingwordsintwolanguagesmayconveythesameconnotativemeaning.e.gtiger,老虎--cruelty
⏹E.g.Woman
⏹2.wordswiththesameconceptualmeaningyetdifferentconnotativemeaning
⏹书,book
⏹老,old
⏹同志,comrade
⏹宣传,propaganda
⏹狗,dog
Connotativemeaningsvaryaccordingtodifferentpeople,times,ages,societiesetc.
⏹E.g.Home:
warm,loving,comfortable,safe
⏹likeaprison,cold,boring
⏹终身大事
⏹工作?
事业?
婚姻?
生死?
⏹Connotativemeaningmaychangewiththetimesgoing
⏹E.g.traditional:
positiveinthepast
⏹“old,conservative”atpresent
⏹3.Socialmeaning社会意义
⏹Socialmeaningiswhatapieceoflanguageconveysaboutthesocialcircumstancesofitsuse,suchasthelanguageusers(whoareusingthelanguage),settings(whereislanguageused),topics(whatarelanguageusersaretalkingorwriting).
⏹E.g
⏹home(general),residence(formal),domicile(law),abode(literature),
⏹horse,steed(战马),nag(老马),
gee-gee(child)
⏹throw(general),cast(literatureandreligious),chuck(slang)
⏹salt,sodiumchloride
⏹disobedient,recalcitrant反抗的
⏹Agoodselectionofwordsisimportant.
Exercise!
⏹Wordswhichstandforwhatpeopledoinordertomakealiving:
job,vocation,profession,occupation,career,trade,work
⏹Profession(anoccupationrequiringspecialeducation,especiallyintheliberalartsorsciences)所指的职业是需要在文科或理科方面有一定的教育程度,具备一定理论水平的人才的职业。
通常指脑力劳动。
例如:
theteachingprofession(教书的职业),theprofessionofjournalism(新闻业)。
⏹以前profession专指三种职业:
法律、医药、神学,称作thelearnedprofessions(学者的职业)。
⏹ 而随着技术的发展和职业的细化(occupationalspecialization),渐渐越来越多的职业可以划归到“profession”中,如:
engineers(工程师),educationalists(教育家),accountants(会计)。
现在profession覆盖的范围更大了。
⏹Vocation(theparticularoccupationforwhichyouaretrained)是指经过训练后从事的职业,需要一定职业技能。
vocationaleducation(职业教育),vocationalschool(职业学校)。
⏹
⏹Occupation(theprincipalactivityinyourlifethatyoudotoearnmoney)指生活中为了赚钱而从事的主要活动。
我们可以说Byoccupationsheisahousewife.(她的职业就是做家务。
)而occupationaldisease则是职业病。
⏹Trade(theskilledpracticeofapracticaloccupation)更侧重技巧、手艺而非高深的学问、理论等。
如:
carpenter(木匠),barber(理发师)等。
我们说“三十六行”这里的“行”就是trade。
⏹
⏹Career(long-termorlifelongjob)指长期的,甚至终身从事的职业。
acareersoldier(职业军人),acareerpolitician(职业政客)。
⏹
⏹work它是泛指一切长期从事的职业,不管专业、技巧,不管是否需要学问等等。
“What'syourwork?
”(你做什么工作?
)是最常见的问别人工作的一句话。
⏹
⏹Job(aspecificpieceofworkrequiredtobedoneasadutyorforaspecificfee)常指一件具体工作。
Youhavedoneagoodjob.(你做的很好。
)暑期工就可以是asummerjob。
Hisjobistosellnewspapers.(
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