论英语中的性别歧视分析.docx
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论英语中的性别歧视分析.docx
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论英语中的性别歧视分析
景德镇陶瓷学院科技艺术学院
本科生毕业论文(设计)
题目:
SexisminEnglishVocabulary
学号:
姓名:
院(系):
专业:
完成时间:
指导老师:
CONTENTS
Acknowledgements…………………………………………..
AbstractinChinese…………………………………….
AbstractinEnglish…………………………………….
1.Definition………………………………………………
2.Sexisminword-formationmethods………………..
2.1Suffixes………………………………………….
2.2Sexismincompoundwords……………………..
3.SxisminNamingandAddressing…………………..
3.1SexismandNaming……………………………….
3.1.1Sexisminthefirstnames………………..
3.1.1.1DerivationofFemaleNamesfromMaleNames……..
3.1.1.2SexisminSemanticNamingofFirstNames……….
3.1.2Sexisminthefamilynames……………
3.1.2.1PatrilinealSystemofFamilyNames
3.1.2.2ChangeofFemaleFamilyNamesuponmarriage
3.2SexismandAddressing……….
3.2.1SexisminAddressingTerms…..
3.2.1.1FemaleSocialTitlesuponRelationshipwithMale…
3.2.1.2DerogationofFemaleHonorificTitles…………….
3.2.1.3AbusiveAddressingPatterns………………..
4.SexisminProverbandSlang……………………………..
4.1SexisminProverb……………………………………………
4.2SexisminSlang………………………………………
5.Conclusion……………………………………………………..
6.Bibliography……………………………………………………
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
MydeepestgratitudegoesfirstandforemosttoProfessorHouXiaohua,mysupervisor,forherconstantandinspiringguidanceandencouragement.Shehaswalkedmethroughallthestagesofwritingofthethesis.Withoutherconstantandilluminatinginstruction,thisthesiscouldnothavereacheditspresentform.
Second,iwouldliketoexpreemyheartfeltgratitudetoalltheteacherswhotaughtmewhenihavestrivingformyBachelorDegreefortheirexcellentlecturesandinspiringideas.
Last,mythankswouldgotomybelovedfamilyfortheirlovingconsiderationsandgreatconfidenceinmeallthroughtheseyears.Ialsoowemysinceregratitudetomyfriendsandmyfellowclassmateswhogavemetheirhelpandtimeinlisteningtomeandhelpingmeworkoutmyproblemsduringthedifficultcourseofthethesis
摘要
英语不仅是一种语言工具,也是一种意识形态工具。
性别歧视这一文化观念反映在语言的词汇学中。
牛津高级字典是这样解释的:
“不平等的对待人,尤其是对女性,因为她们的性别”。
本篇论文将从英语词汇构词法、词义、称谓语及谚语和俚语分析英语词汇中的性别歧视。
所以对性别歧视了解的越多,避免的困难也就越多。
这是很有实际意义的。
关键词:
语言;英语词汇;性别歧视
ABSTRACT
Englishisnotonlyalanguagetool,butalsoanideologicaltool.Vocabularyofthelanguagecanfaithfullyreflectthecultureitservessuchassexism.Theoxfordadvancedlearner'sdictionaryexplainsitasbelow:
theunfairtreatmentofpeople,especiallywomen,because
oftheirsex.ThisarticlewilldiscusssexismthatexistsinEnglishlexiconintermsofwordformation,wordmeaning,namingandaddressingterms,aswellasproverbandslangterms.Sothemoreyouknowit,thebetteryouwillavoidtrouble.Therefore,thepresentresearchhasimportantpracticalsignificances.
Keywords:
language;Englishword;sexism;
1.Definition
Sexism,accordingtoOxfordAdvancedLearner’sEnglish
-ChineseDictionaryisdefinedasprejudiceordiscriminationagainstpeople(esp.woman)becauseoftheirsex;andaccordingtoLongmanDictionaryofComtenporaryEnglish,sexismisdefinedasideasandbelievethatmenbersofone(usuallyman)sexaremoreableandcleverthantheodeoftheothersex.Itismanifestinallformsofbehaviorfromsubtlegesturesandespeciallylanguagetoexploitationandoppression,andinallhumaninstitutionsfromthefamilytothemultinationalcorporation(PaulaS.Rothenberg1988:
21).Itaffirmsthedominanceofmenoverwomen,jnstasRosemaryRadfordRuether(1993:
165)holdsthat“sexismisgenderprivilegeofmalesoverfemales.Itismalesprimarilywhohaveoriginatedthisformofoppression,benefitedfromit,andperpetuatedit,legallyandideologically.”Inthissense,itkeepswomeninsecond.classstatus,deniesthemtheirrightstocontroltheirownbodies,anddeniespersonal,mental,andphysicalsafety;itreinforcesthefalsenotionthatanymanwhoisgentle,flexible,compassionateorgaybecomes“feminine”andtherebylosesstatusandrespect.
2.Sexisminwordformation
Wordformationisoneoftheelementsinlanguagefromwhichwecanfindmanyexamplesofsexism.Themostobviousoneistheword“history”,whichitcombineswords“his”and“story”.Itclaimedthatthehistorybelongedtomannotthewoman.Ingeneral,itisdividedintotwocategories,addingsuffixesandcompounding.
2.1Addingsuffixes
Adding-tressiscommonamongwordslike,actress,authoress,sculptressandwaitress.Althoughitsometimesawardedsomeoutlandingachievementsofwomen,theimportanceofitsroleisn’tthesameasman.Forinstance,weusuallycallamanofageneralmanager,ratherthanageneralmanageress.ThehighestrankofpoetinBritishisPoetLaureate,whichitawardtoeverydistinguishedpoetincludingbothmalesandfemales.Howerever,rarlyhaditprobablyhonoredapoetofPoetessLaureate.Wordlikehostessiswidelyacceptedbypeopleinbar,whichitsmeaninghadbeendegraded.ThesameasinthetermsofJewess\NegrssandQuakeress
Thesuffixof-etteincludesthreemeanings.Thefirstoneaimsatsmallsize,suchas“cigarette(香烟)”and“kitchenette(小厨房)”.Thesecondlevelisartifical,suchas“Leatherette(人造皮)”.Thethirdlevelderivesfromthelasttwomeaningswhichdisclosestheoweaknessofwomanandsubordinatestoman.Asaresult,itdiscininatesagainstwomanobviously.Womanareunfairlytreated.Duingtheturnof19centuryand20century,“Suffragette”wasfrequentlyusedbywomenwhowantedtostriverightsforwomen.However,thepublicandmediauseditwithderogation.
Wordslikeaviatrix(女飞行员),executrix(女执行官)anddominatrix(母夜叉)addedthesuffixof-trix,whichallpresentaninsularprejudicetowardswomen.Womenaresoweakandfragilethattheyneedobeytomen.
2.2Sexismincompoundwords
Inadditiontosexdiscriminationinsuffixes,compoundingisagoodexampletoo.Takeword-formationofcommonwordsmadeby“man”and“woman”forexample.ononehand,thereareagreatmanywordswith“man”,likehuman,policeman,chairman,businessman,sportsman,superman,mankind,postman,Englishman,airman,salesman,clergyman,kinsman,countryman,etc.Eventheword“woman”ismadeupof“man.Allthesewordsshouldreferonlytothemale,whileinfact,themeaningsofthesewordsalsocoverwoman,whichisobviouslyunfairtothefemale.Actually,thiskindofwordsareregardedasmasculinewordsingrammar.AccordingtothepointofviewinEnglishhistory,itinheritsword-formationprincipleofLatinandoldEnglishingrammargender.Sosuchkindsofwordsempasizemasculineinwordstructure.Atthesametime,italsostressesthatallthingsaredonebythemmale,notthefemaleinpracticaluse.
Thatisquiteunfairtothefemale.Ontheotherhand,insociallife,pepolealwaysregardwomenwithdiscrimination.Ifawomanisengagedinnoblecases,shewillfacemuchmoredifficultiesthanmen.Andthefollowingmeaningofwordsalsoshowthatthewordsmadeupof”woman”mainlyemphasizethecharacteristicsofwomenwhoareengagedinsomekindofprofessionorbelongtoacertainofsector.Forexample,
(1)Womankind:
femalehumanbeings
(2)Chairwoman:
awomanpresidingofficerofanassemblymeeting,committeeorboard
(3)Womanpower:
thepowerofwomanphyscialstrength
(4)Policewoman:
awomanwhoisinamemberofapoliceforce
(5)Womanhood:
thestateofbeingawoman;woman
(6)Horsewoman:
awomanhorsebackrider
3.SeximinNamingandAddressing
Spender(1985:
24)notes:
oneofthefeaturesofEnglishlanguagepracticeswhichareinherentlysexististheuseofnamingandaddressingterms.”Namingandaddressingtermsplayanimportantroleininterpersonalcommunication.Theyarecontinuouslyusedinourdailylifehencethesocialandcultualfactorsencodedinthemareveryvaluableforustoexplore.
3.1SexismandNaming
Namingsystemusuallyincludesfirstname,middlenameandfamilynam,suchas“WilliamJeffersonClinton”.Firstnamesuchas”William”intheexample,isotherwiseknownasChtistianname,forenameorgivenname.Middlenamelike”Jefferson”intheexampleoccursbetwwenthefirstnameandfamilynameasthesecondforename,andisusuallyrepresentedbyitscapitalizedinitialletterandisoftenusedinformaloccassions.FamilynameisknownasSurname,orlastname,whichisanamesharedincommontoidentifythemumbersofafamily,whichisusuallyinheritedfromtheascendinggenerationonthepaternalside,suchas’Clinton”intheexample.Thispartwilldiscussthesexistphenomenainthefirstandfamilynameonthebasisoftheanalysisoftheirsemanticfeatures.
3.1.1Sexisminthefirstnames
Givingfirstnametotheinfantisoneofthemostimportanttasks.Firstnameistrulyalifetimegiftfromparents;ithelpsdefinethechildrenwithinthefamily,schoolandtheoutsideword.Henceananalysisofsexisminfirstnamesisverysignificant.
3.1.1.1DerivationofFemaleNamesfromMaleNames
InEnglishlotsoffemalenamesderivatefrommalenamesbyaddingaffixesforexample,Stephen-Stephanie,Dana-Dana.Affixsplayanimportantroleintheformationoffemalenames.AfterresearchingaffixesusedtorefertofemaleinEnglish,Mills(1995:
93)claimsthatthoseaffixesleadtoaviewofwomenasaderivationfromamaleuniversalnormandthefemaleformisseenasthemarkedtermandthemaleastheunmarkedterm.Therefore,itisnotasurprisethatfemalenameswouldhavesomeconsistentmarkerbias.Manyfemalenamesderiveofmaleonesbyaddingthesuffixes“-a”(or“-ia”duetophoneticreason),“e”and“-line”tothem.likeAlbertandAlberta、、AlexandAlexa、DanielandDanielle、GabrielandGabrielland
PaulandPaulineetc.
Firstcorrespondingwiththeabove,researchhasshownthatmalenamesdifferfromfemaleonesintwomajoraspects.Firstly,malenamesareshorterinspellingthanfemalenamesaccordingtotheresearch,TherearemanymalenamesareformedwithonesyllablesuchasJim,Fred,John,Bo
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