APS应化专业复习资料doc.docx
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APS应化专业复习资料doc.docx
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APS应化专业复习资料doc
无机化学
一、中文要点
1、基本反映类型,酸碱中和,度分解反应
2、元素周期表
3、无机化学实验;酸碱滴定
二、英文概述
inmyfreshmanyear,ourteachertaughtusthiscoursebylecture.thisisastudyofelements,elementarysubstanceandinorganiccompoundknowledge・ihavelearnedtheperiodictableofelements,thebasicreactiontypebetweeninorganiccompound・
Forexampleneutralizationreplacementreaction
NaOH(aq)+HCL——NaCl(aq)+H2O
Zn+CuSO4(aq)Cu+ZnSO4(aq)
Atthesametime9wealsousetheseprincipletopracticaloperation.suchas,measuringtheunknownchlorideionconcentration.itcanbedeterminedbytitrationwithstandardsilvernitrate・choosetheK2CrO4asindicator・
Ag++Cl-AgCl(white)
Ag++CrO42AgCrO4(red)
AgCliswhiteandismuchlesssolutethanAgCrO4whichisred.FormationofaredprecipitateofAgCrO4signstheendpointofthetitration,
Tips:
titration,mustintodrops,cannotintoflow,youshouldshaketheconicalflaskgentlyforseveraltimes・Dropbydrop・物理化学
一、知识点动力学,热力学,电化学,胶体
二、中文概述
1]动力学具有简单级数反应,计算以最简单为例,化学反应速率方程
2]热力学三大定律,嫡,焙的概念,计算举例
31电化学原电池,,电解池,阴阳极,正负极
4]胶体表面活性剂
三、英文概述
1、thermochemistryisthepartofthermodynamicthatdealswiththerelationshipbetweenchemicalreactionandheat,webeginourstudyofthermodynamicswiththermochemistryfortworeasons,heatisusefulandheatiseasytomeasure・Someexamples,naturalgasburnsprovideheat,Onacolswinterdaywaterfreezetoice,theburningoffuelssupplieswarmthinwinter.
1、divideintotwotypes,exothermic,changesinwhichthesystemgivesoffthermalenergy,liketheburningofnaturalgas,
Endothermicchangesinwhichthesystemabsorbenergy
fromthesurroundings,likeicemelting,changeintowater,
2enthalpy
Mostchangesinlabtakeplaceunderconstantpressureofearthatmosphere
Thethermalenergygainedorlostwhenachangetakesplaceunderconstantpressureiscalledtheenthalpychange・H
H=H(final)-H(initial)
Thermalenergygivenoffcanbeshownasaproductofthereactioninathermochemicalequation,
CH4(g)+2O2(g)CO2+2H2O
(1)H=-890.32kj
OnemoleCH4gasreactswithtwomoleof02gas.theproductsareonemoleofCO2gas,twomoleofliquidwater,and890.32kjofthermalenergy,thesignforHshowsthatthereactionisexothermic・
3entropy
Entropyisathermodynamicspropertythatisthemeasureofsystemthermalenergy
Entropychangeisonlyrelatedwithstate,hasnothingtodowithway,
Entropyofaclosedsystemalwaysincreaseandinheattransfersituation,heatenergyistransferredfromhighertemperaturecomponentstolowertemperaturecomponents.
4三大定律的表述
Lawoneheatandworkareformsofenergytransfer,energyisalwaysconserved・Energycanbeneithercreatednordestroyed,however,energycanchangeforms,andcanflowoneplacetoanother・U二Q--W.increaseininternalenergyequalheatsuppliedminusworkdonebythebody,
Lawtwo:
theGermanscientistClausiusstatement:
heatcanneverpassfromaclosertoawarmerbodywithoutsomeotherchange.occurringatthesametime
Kelvinstatement
Noprocessispossibleinwhichthesoleresultisabsorptionofheatfromareservoiranditscompleteconversionintowork.Thesecondlawdefinesentropy,
Theentropyofanyisolatedsystemnotiinthermalequilibriumalmostalwaysincrease
Lawthree:
theentropyofasystemapproachesaconstantvalueasthetemperatureapproacheszero,theentropyofapurecrystallinesubstanceatabsolutezerotemperatureiszero・2\electrochemistry
Manyoxidation-reductionreactiontakeplacespontaneously.adevicethatuseaspontaneousoxidation-reduction,toproduceanelectriccurrent,suchas,Cu-Zncell,iscalledavoltaiccell・
加上简单的图解,就好。
最基本那种什么阴阳极啊,之类的,总反应式:
Zn+Cu2+Cu(s)+Zn2+
Theelectronsmovethroughthewireawayfromtheanodetowardscathode・currentthroughthesolutionsconsistofthemovementofions・
Zinclose2e-,becomeZn2+.Cu2+get2e-.becomeCu,
SoanodeZndissolve^cathodeCuproduce
Saltbridgekeepthesolutionchargebalance,
Theelectronsmovethroughthewireawayfromtheanodetowardsthecathode,
Thedeviceischangingthechemicalenergyintoelectricalenergy
胶体sol
Indispersesystem,thedispersessubstancecalleddispersephase,anothersubstancecalleddispersemedium,
Whenthedispersemediumisliquid,calledsol,likemilk,foam,
Whenthedispersemediumissolid,calledsolidsol,likepearl
Whenthedispersemediumisgas,calledaerosol,likefrog
2opticalpropertiesofsol■一tyndalleffect
Ifletabeamoflightthroughthesol.thenlookfromflank.thatis,inthelightmoveverticaldirection,youcanseeitformsaconeoflight,thatistyndalleffect.itisoftenusedtodistinguishbetweensolandtruesolution・
理想气体状态方程
PV二NRT
Wherepisthepressureodthegas,visthevolumeofthegas,nisthenumberofmolesofgas,Risaproportionalityconstant,andtisthekelvintemperature
Theideagasequationcanbeusedtosolveavarietyofproblemsaboutgases,ifyouknowanythreeoffourvariables,pvnt,youcancalculatetheunknownonebymeansofgasequation波谱分析
1ultravioletvisiblespectroscopy
Producedbytheoutermostvalanceelectroninmolecules.intransitionbetweendifferentorbitalenergylevelJellustherelationshipbetweentheenergychangeintheelectronictransition,andchromophore・
UVspectroscopyisusedanalyticalchemistryforquantitativedeterminationofdifferentsubstance,suchastransitionmetalions,highlyconjugatedorganiccompounds
Thebeer-lambertlawstatesthattheabsorbanceofasolutionisdirectlyproportionaltotheconcentrationoftheabsorbingspeciesinthesolutionandpathlength.
A=log(IO/I)=kcl
AisabsorbanceJOistheintensityoftheincidentlightatagivenwavelengthJisthetransmittedintensity,1isthepathlengththroughthesample,andcistheconcentrationoftheabsorbingspecies,kisaconstant,
2infraredspectroscopy
Isthespectroscopythatdealswiththeinfraredregionoftheelectromagicspectrum,thatiswavelength2-25um,ofabsorptionspectroscopy.itcanbeusedtoidentifyandstudychemicals.togettheinformationaboutthefunctionalgroupofmolecular.AcommonlabinstrumentthatusesthistechbiqueisFTIRspectrometer.thecharacteristicpeak,showusthattheexsitanceofacertaingroup,andhaveahighstrengthorspecificshapeofthepeak,thatisintheinfraredspectrum,theabscissaaxisiswavenumber,theordinateaxisisabsorbance・liketheabsorptionpeakofethenelocatedin1680-1620cm-1,
Thecalculationofdegreeofunsaturation
U=(2n+2+a-b)/2
E”nrepresentfourvalenceJikeC,Si
E,arepresenttrivalence,likeN,P
E,brepresentmonovalence,likeH,C1
3nuclearmagneticresonancespectrometry
Isaphysicalphenomenon,inastrongmagneticfields,nuclearenergyleveldivisiontakeplace,absorbingextraelectromagneticradiationenergy,fromlowleveltransitiontoahighlevel,thatisNMR.andaccordingtotheNMR,wecanknowthedetailedinformationaboutthestructure^reactionstateandsoon・
FromHNMR,youcanjudge,theHisalkylhydrogen,oralkenehydrogen,orhydroxy,
InHNMR,theabscissaischemicalshiftrepresentthelocationofabsorptionpeak,theordinateisthestrengthofabsorptionpeak・Somebasicchemicalshift
烘炷氢1.6-3.4ppm
烯炷4.5-7.5ppm
醛基9-10.5ppm
疑基0・5-5.5ppm
4massspectrometry
Isakindofmeasuringioncharge-massratio,analysismethodcanbeusedtoanalyzeisotopecompositionorganicmatterstructureandelementcomposition
Inhighvacuumsystem9testthesamplesofmolecularionandfragmentionmass,tomakesuretherelativemolecularmassofsamplesandmolecularstruchture,
分析化学
Visible-spectrophotometryisamethod,makeuseofmoleculesubstanceontheselectivityofvisiblelight,toconductquantitativedetermination・
Takevisiblespectrophotometerfor
example.Lightsource—(polychromatic)——monochromator—・(monochromaticlight)—absorptioncelldetector——computer
Thesearethemajorpartsofspectrophotometer.
Thelightsourceprovidepolychromaticthroughthemonochromatorchangeintomonochromaticlight.putthebringtestedabsorptionsolutionintoabsorptioncell.whenthemonochromaticlightoh10strengthgothrough,partofitbeabsorbed・
ThetransmittedlightofItstrengthreachthedetector,thedetectorconnectwithcomputer9afterprocessedgetA,accordingtobeer-lambertlaw,A=kbc,whereAisabsorbance,bisthethicknessofabsorptioncell,unitiscm,cisamount-of-substanceconcentration,theunitismol/L,thenthekismolarabsorptioncoefficient.unitisL/(mol*cm)BytheexperimentgetA,aftercalculating,getC・滴定方法
Titrationisawayofworkingouttheconcentrationofa
substanceinsolution,undertheconditionofacidic,KMnO4reactwithH2O2,release02gas,theequationis5H2O2+2MnO4-+6H+5O2+2Mn2++8H2O
Supposethat,theconcentrationofkmno4isunknown,take25ml,intoconicalflask,theacidburettefilledwithknownconcentrationh2o2,thenputtheh2o2intokmno4,dropbydrop,becausekmno4isdarkpurple,socanbeusedasindicator.whentitration,thesolutionappearspink,anddonotfadein30seconds.thatisendpoint,recordtheconsumptionvolume.
Thenaccordingtotheequation,calculatec.
化学反应工程和化工原理
Bylearningchemicalreactionengineering,wehaveresearchedsomeproblemaboutchemicalkineticsandequipmenttype,operationmodeandcatalystandsoon.
Foroperationmodeandprocess,therearethreebasictypesofreactor「batchreactor"'plugflowreactor"andcontinuousstirredtankreactor・
Batchreactor,itconsistsofatankwithanagitatorandcompleteheating/coolingsystem,itscharacteristicisthatthereaction"smaterialsareonetimeaddedintothereactor,thenthereactiontakeplace,afteracertainperiod
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