SA Technology 态势感知.docx
- 文档编号:13595071
- 上传时间:2023-06-15
- 格式:DOCX
- 页数:42
- 大小:267.72KB
SA Technology 态势感知.docx
《SA Technology 态势感知.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《SA Technology 态势感知.docx(42页珍藏版)》请在冰点文库上搜索。
SATechnology态势感知
SATechnology
SituationAwarenessempowerspeoplewiththeunderstandingtheyneedtomakebetterdecisionsandoptimizeperformanceincriticaloperations.
SATechnologiesprovidescutting-edgesituationawarenessresearch,design,training,andmeasurementforadvancedsystemsusedincomplexoperations.Ouridentificationofhumanperformanceneeds,anddevelopmentofinnovativesolutions,resultinhigherlevelsofunderstandingandsuccess,andlowerlevelsofcatastrophicfailuresandliability.
Beingawareofwhatishappeningaroundyouandunderstandingwhattheinformationmeanstoyounowandinthefuture,isthebasisforsituationawareness(SA.)Whenpeoplearerequiredtomakecriticalchoices–sometimesatafastpace–thevastmajorityoferrorsthatoccurareadirectresultoffailuresinsituationawareness.Intheoperationofcomplexsystems,theresultcanbecatastrophic–airplanescrash,emergencyresponseteamsflounder,criticalcommercialsystemsfalter–allatagreatcostinlivesanddollars.
Therearethreelevelsofsituationawareness:
perceivingcriticalfactorsintheenvironment(Level1SA),understandingwhatthosefactorsmean,particularlywhenintegratedtogetherinrelationtotheoperator'sgoals(Level2),andatthehighestlevel,anunderstandingofwhatwillhappenwiththesysteminthenearfuture(Level3). ThesehigherlevelsofSAallowpeopletofunctioninatimelyandeffectivemanner,evenwithverycomplexandchallengingtasks.
Peopleworkingincriticalenvironmentsarehighlydependentonsituationawareness.Itsprincipleshaveemergedasacriticalcomponentintheairtrafficcontrol,aviation,spaceexploration,homelanddefense,transportation,powersystems,medicalandmilitaryindustries,whereitbringsinsightandordertohelp:
∙gainknowledgeandoptimizedisparateinformation
∙facilitatethesharingofinformationinrealtime
∙developproactiveproblemsolutions
Systemsthatdonotsupportreal-timesituationawareness,allowoverwork,informationoverloadandmissinginformationtojeopardizesuccessfuloutcomes.Inaddition,ineffectiveteamwork,poorjudgment,andlackofcoordinationcanleadtoinconsistentanddangerousbehaviorbyteamsthatlacksharedSA.
Byuncoveringhowpeoplethinkandwork,SA–orienteddesignandtrainingcreatespowerfulandefficientuser–focusedsystemsto:
∙reducehumanerrorsandsystemfailures
∙increaseinterfaceusability
∙minimizeliability
Endsley,M.R.andGarlandD.J(Eds.)(2000)SituationAwarenessAnalvsisand
A匏以szz阳mP,zt.Mahwah,NJ:
LawrenceErlbaumAssociates.
THEORETICALUNDERPINNINGSOFSITUATIONAWARENESS:
ACRITICALREVIEW
Theenhancementofoperatorsituationawareness(SA)hasbecomemajordesigngoalforthosedevelopingoperatorinterfaces,automationconceptsandtrainingprogramsinawidevarietyoffields,includingaircraft,airtrafficcontrol,powerplants,andadvancedmanufacturingsystems.ThisdramaticgrowthininterestinSA,beginninginthemid-1980'sandacceleratingthroughthe1990"s,wasspurredonbymanyfactors,chiefamongthemthechallengesofanewclassoftechnology.
Onecaneasilyseethatsituationawarenesshasalwaysbeenneededinorderforpeopletoperformtaskseffectively.Prehistoricmanundoubtedlyneededtobeawareofmanycuesinhisenvironmentinordertosuccessfullyhuntandkeepfrombeinghunted.Formanyyears,havinggoodsituationawarenesswaslargelyamatteroftrainingandexperience-learningtheimportantcuestowatchforandwhattheymeant.
Withtheadventofthemachineage,ouremphasisshiftedtocreatinganewclassoftoolstohelppeopleperformtasks,largelythosephysicalinnature.Thecomputerageandnowtheinformationagehavefollowedrapidlyonthehealsofbasicmechanization.Thetoolsprovidedarenolongersimple;theyareamazinglycomplex,focusedonnotjustphysicaltasks,butelaborate(详尽的, 复杂的)perceptual(感觉的,直觉的)andcognitive(认识的, 认知的, 有认识力)tasksaswell.Thepilotoftoday'saircraft,theairtrafficcontroller,thepowerplantoperator,theanesthesiologist:
allmustperceiveandcomprehendadazzlingarrayofdatawhichisoftenchangingveryrapidly.Ihavetakentocallingthischallengetheinformationgap(FigureI).
Today'ssystemsarecapab1eofproducingahugeamountofdata,bothonthestatusoftheirowncomponents,andonthestatusoftheexternalenvironment.Duetoachievementsinvarioustypesofdatalinkandinternettechnologies,systemscanalsoprovidedataonalmostanythinganywhereintheworld.Theproblemwithtoday'ssystemsisnotalackofinformation,butfindingwhatisneededwhenitisneeded.
Unfortunately,inthefaceofthistorrent( 激流, 山洪, 爆发)ofdata,manyoperatorsmaybeevenlessinformedthaneverbefore.Thisisbecausethereisahugegapbetweenthetonsofdatabeingproducedanddisseminatedandpeople'sabilitytofindthebitsthatareneededandprocessthemtogetherwiththeotherbitstoarriveattheactualinformationthatisrequiredfortheirdecisions.Thisinformationmustbeintegratedandinterpretedcorrectlyaswell;afrequentlytricky(棘手的, 狡猾的, 巧妙)task.Thisproblemisrealandongoing,whetherthejobisinthecockpit(飞行员等的)座舱, (赛车)驾驶座)orbehindadesk.Itisbecomingwidelyrecognizedthatmoredatadoesnotequalmoreinformation.Issuesofautomationandintelligentsystemshavefrequentlyonlyexacerbatedtheproblem,ratherthanaidedit(Endsley&Kiris,1995;Sarter&Woods,1995).
Thecriteriaforwhatweareseekingfromsystemdesignshavecorrespondinglychanged.Inadditiontodesigningsystemsthatprovidetheoperatorwiththeneededinformationandcapabilities,wemustalsoinsurethatitisprovidedinawaythatisuseablecognitivelyaswellasphysically.Wewanttoknowhowwellthesystemdesignsupportstheoperator’sabilitytogettheneededinformationunderdynamicoperationalconstraints.(i.e.Howwelldoesitbridgetheinformationgap?
)Thisdesignobjectiveandmeasureofmerithasbeentermedsituationawareness.
WhatisSA?
Mostsimplyput,SAisknowingwhatisgoingonaroundyou.Inherentinthisdefinitionisanotionofwhatisimportant.SAismostfrequentlydefinedinoperationalterms.Whilesomeonenotengagedinataskorobjectivemighthaveawareness(e.g.someonesittingunderatreeidlyenjoyingnature),thisclassofindividualshasbeenlargelyoutsidethescopeofhumanfactorsdesignefforts.Rather,wehavebeenconcernedmostlywithpeoplewhoneedSAforspecificreasons.Foragivenoperator,therefore,SAisdefinedintermsofthegoalsanddecisiontasksforthatjob.Thepilotdoesnotneedtoknoweverything(e.g.theco-pilot'sshoesizeandspouse'sname),butdoesneedtoknowagreatdealofinformationrelatedtothegoalofsafelyflyingtheaircraft.Asurgeonhasjustasgreataneedforsituationawareness;however,theth~ngssheneedstoknowaboutwillbequitedifferent,dependentonadifferentsetofgoalsanddecisiontasks.
Althoughthe"elements"ofSAvarywidelybetweendomains,thenatureofSAand
themechanismsusedforachievingSAcanbedescribedgenerically.(Adeterminationof
theelementsofSAfordifferentdo'-mainsisdiscussedinmoredetailinChapter8.)Itisthe
goalofthischaptertoprovideafoundationforunderstandingtheconstructthatisSA.
91-hisfoundationisimportantbothforcreatingsystemsthatsupportSAandforcreating
toolsthateffectivelymeasureSA.
ManydefinitionsofSAhavebeendeveloped,someverycloselytiedtotheaircraftdomainandsomemoregeneral.(SeeDominguez(1994)orFracker(1988)forareview.)
Thatis,manyaretiedtothespecificsofonedomain,aircraftpiloting,fromwhencethetermoriginated.SAisnowbeingstudiedinavarietyofdomains,however;education,driving:
~raindispatching,maintenanceandweatherforecastingarebutafewofthenewerareasinwhichSAhasbeenreceivingattention.
AgeneraldefinitionofSAthathasbeenfoundtobeapplicableacrossawidevarietyofdomainsdescribesSAas"theperceptionoftheelementsintheenvironmentwithinavolumeoftimeandspace,thecomprehensionoftheirmeaningandtheprojectionoftheirstatusinthenearfuture"(Endsley,1988).ShowninFigure2,thisdefinitionhelpstoestablishwhat"knowingwhatisgoingon"entails.
Figure2.ModelofSAinDynamicDecisionMaking(fromEndsley,1995b)
Level1SA-perception(n. 观念, 洞察力, 认识能力)
First,perceptionofcues(Level1SA)isfundamental.Withoutbasicperceptionofimportantinformation,theoddsofforminganincorrectpictureofthesituationincreasedramatically.JonesandEndsley(1996)foundthat76%ofSAerrorsinpilotscouldbetracedtoproblemsinperceptionofneededinformation(duetoeitherfailuresorshortcomingsinthesystemorproblemswithcognitiveprocesses).
Level2SA–comprehension(n. 理解, 理解力, 领悟能力)
Situationawarenessasaconstructgoesbeyondmereperceptionhowever.Italsoencompasseshowpeoplecombine,interpret,store,andretaininformation.Thus,itincludesmorethanperceivingorattendingtoinformation,butalsotheintegrationofmultiplepiecesofinformationandadeterminationoftheirrelevancetotheperson'sgoals(Level2SA).Thisisanalogoustohavingahighlevelofreadingcomprehensionascomparedtojustreadingwords.TwentypercentofSAerrorswerefoundtoinvolveproblemswithLevel2S~(Jones&Endsley,1996).
Flach(1995)pointsoutthat"theconstructofsituationawarenessdemandsthattheproblemofmeaningbetackledhead-on.Meaningmustbeconsideredbothinthesenseofsubjectiveinterpretation(awareness)andinthesenseofobjectivesignifi
- 配套讲稿:
如PPT文件的首页显示word图标,表示该PPT已包含配套word讲稿。双击word图标可打开word文档。
- 特殊限制:
部分文档作品中含有的国旗、国徽等图片,仅作为作品整体效果示例展示,禁止商用。设计者仅对作品中独创性部分享有著作权。
- 关 键 词:
- SA Technology 态势感知 态势 感知