5CD篇.docx
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5CD篇.docx
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5CD篇
2019.5海淀
C
It’scommonknowledgethatthewomanin LeonardodaVinci’smostfamouspaintingseemstolookbackatobservers,followingthemwithhereyesnomatterwheretheystandintheroom.Butthiscommonknowledgeturnsoutwrong.
Anewstudyfindsthatthewomaninthepaintingisactuallylookingoutatananglethat’s15.4degreesofftotheobserver’sright—welloutsideoftherangethatpeoplenormallybelievewhentheythinksomeoneislookingrightatthem.Inotherwords,saidthestudyauthor,Horstmann,“She’snotlookingatyou.”Thisissomewhatironic,becausetheentirephenomenonofaperson’sgaze(凝视)inaphotographorpaintingseemingtofollowthevieweriscalledthe“MonaLisaeffect”.Thateffectisabsolutelyreal,Horstmannsaid.Ifapersonisillustratedorphotographedlookingstraightahead,evenpeopleviewingtheportraitfromananglewillfeeltheyarebeinglookedat.Aslongastheangleoftheperson’sgazeisnomorethanabout5degreesofftoeitherside,the MonaLisaeffect occurs.
Thisisimportantforhumaninteractionwithon-screencharacters.Ifyouwantsomeoneofftotherightsideofaroomtofeelthatapersonon-screenislookingathimorher,youdon’tcutthegazeofthecharactertothatside—surprisingly,doingsowouldmakeanobserverfeellikethecharacterisn’tlookingatanyoneintheroomatall.Instead,youkeepthegazestraightahead.
Horstmannandhisco-authorwerestudyingthiseffectforitsapplicationinthecreationof artificial-intelligenceavatars(虚拟头像) whenHorstmanntookalonglookatthe“MonaLisa”andrealizedshewasn’tlookingathim.
Tomakesureitwasn’tjusthim,theresearchersasked24peopletoviewimagesofthe“MonaLisa”onacomputerscreen.TheysetarulerbetweentheviewerandthescreenandaskedtheparticipantstonotewhichnumberontherulerintersectedMonaLisa’sgaze.TocalculatetheangleofMonaLisa’sgazeasshelookedattheviewer,theymovedtherulerfartherfromorclosertothescreenduringthestudy.Consistently,theresearchersfound,participantsjudgedthat thewomaninthe“MonaLisa”portraitwasnotlookingstraightatthem,butslightlyofftotheirright.
Sowhydopeoplerepeatthebeliefthathereyesseemtofollowtheviewer?
Horstmannisn’tsure.It’spossible,hesaid,thatpeoplehavethedesiretobelookedat,sotheythinkthewomanislookingstraightatthem.Ormaybethepeoplewhofirstcoinedtheterm“MonaLisaeffect”justthoughtitwasacoolname.
38.Itisgenerallybelievedthatthewomaninthepainting“MonaLisa”___________.
A.attractstheviewerstolookback
B.seemsmysteriousbecauseofhereyes
C.fixeshereyesonthebackoftheviewers
D.looksattheviewerswherevertheystand
39.WhatgazerangeinapaintingwillcausetheMonaLisaeffect?
A.B.C.D.
40.Theexperimentinvolving24peoplewasconductedto______.
A.confirmHorstmann’sbeliefB.createartificial-intelligenceavatars
C.calculatetheangleofMonaLisa’sgazeD.explainhowtheMonaLisaeffectcanbeapplied
41.Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?
A.Horstmannthinksit’scooltocointheterm“MonaLisaeffect”.
B.TheMonaLisaeffectcontributestothecreationof artificialintelligence.
C.FeelingbeinggazedatbyMonaLisamaybecausedbythedesireforattention.
D.Thepositionoftherulerintheexperimentwillinfluencetheviewers’judgement.
D
WhataMessyDeskSaysAboutYou
Forsometime,psychologistshavebeenstudyinghowpersonalitytraitsaffecthealthandhealth-relatedchoices.Notsurprisingly,theyhavefoundthatpeopleblessedwithinnateconscientiousness,meaningthattheyareorganizedandpredictable,typicallyeatbetterandlivelongerthanpeoplewhoaredisorderly.Theyalsotendtohaveimmaculateoffices.
Whathasbeenlesscleariswhetherneatenvironmentscanproducegoodhabitseveninthosewhoaren’tnecessarilyinnatelyconscientious.Tofindout,researchersattheUniversityofMinnesotaconductedaseriesofexperiments.Inthefirstexperiment,theyrandomlyassignedagroupofcollege-agestudentstospendtimeintwoofficespaces,oneofwhichwasveryneat,theotherwildlycluttered(乱堆)withpapersandotherwork-relatedstuff.Thestudentsspenttheirtimefillingoutquestionnairesunrelatedtothestudy.After10minutes,theyweretoldtheycouldleavewithanappleorachocolatebar.Thosestudentswhosatintheorderlyofficeweretwiceaslikelytochoosetheappleasthosewhosatamongthemess.
Asecondexperiment,however,foundthatworkinginchaoshasitsadvantages,too.Inthisone,collegestudentswereplacedinamessyoraneatofficeandaskedtodreamupnewusesforPing-Pongballs.Thoseinmessyspacesgeneratedideasthatweresignificantlymorecreative,accordingtotwoindependentjudges,thanthoseinofficeswherestacksofpapersandotherobjectswereneatlyarranged.
Theresultsweresomethingofasurprise,saysDr.Vohs,theleaderofthestudy.Fewpreviousstudiesfoundmuchvirtueindisorder.Thebrokenwindowtheory,proposeddecadesago,holdsthatevenslightdisorderandneglectcanencourageindifferenceandpoordiscipline.
ButinthestudybyDr.Vohs,disorderedofficesencouragedoriginalityandasearchfornovelty.Inthefinalportionofthestudy,adultsweregiventhechoiceofaddingahealth“boost”totheirlunchtimesmoothiethatwaslabeledeither“new”or“classic.”Thevolunteersinthemessyspacewerefarmorelikelytochoosethenewone;thoseinthetidyofficegenerallychosetheclassicversion.
“Disorderlyenvironmentsseemtoinspirebreakingfreeoftradition,”Dr.Vohsandherco-authorsconcludeinthestudy,“whichcanproducefreshinsights.”
Theimplicationsofthesefindingsarealsopractical.“Myadvicewouldbe,ifyouneedtothinkoutsidetheboxforafutureproject”,Dr.Vohssays,“thenlettheclutterriseandfreeyourimagination.Butifyourprimarygoalistoeatwellortogotothegym,pickuparoundyourofficefirst.Bydoingthis,thenaturallymessycanacquiresomeofthedisciplineoftheconscientious.”
42.Theunderlinedword“immaculate”inparagraph1probablymeans______.
A.messyB.tidyC.terribleD.comfortable
43.Whichofthefollowingcanbestexplainthebrokenwindowtheory?
A.Chaosbegetschaos.B.Misfortunemaybeanactualblessing.
C.Badnewshaswings.D.Whenadoorshuts,awindowopens.
44.WhichofthefollowingwillDr.Vohsprobablyagreewith?
A.Morevirtueexistsinorganizedpeople.B.Creativityresultsfromtidinessanddiscipline.
C.Disorderlysurroundingshelptocreatenewideas.
D.Workers’goodhabitsguaranteethesuccessofaproject.
45.Whatcanweconcludefromthestudyresults?
A.Thenaturallyneatpeopletendtobeverycreative.
B.Amessyofficewillcausequitelowworkingefficiency.
C.Environmentscanaffectpeople’swayofthinkingandbehavior.
D.People’spersonalitiesaredeterminedbytheirworkingenvironments.
2019.5西城
C
Choosingtoforgetsomethingmighttakemorementaleffortthantryingtorememberit,researchersatTheUniversityofTexasatAustindiscoveredthroughneuroimaging(神经成像).
Thesefindings,publishedintheJournalofNeuroscience,suggestthatinordertoforgetanunwantedexperience,moreattentionshouldbefocusedonit.Thissurprisingresultcontinuespreviousresearchonintentionalforgetting,whichfocusedonreducingattentiontotheunwantedinformationthroughredirectingattentionawayfromunwantedexperiencesorholdingbackthememory’sretrievals(恢复).
“Wemaywanttogetridofmemoriesthatcausenonadaptiveresponses,suchasupsettingmemories,sothatwecanrespondtonewexperiencesinmoreadaptiveways,”saidJarrodLewis-Peacock,thestudy’sseniorauthorandanassistantprofessorofpsychologyatUTAustin.“Decadesofresearchhasshownthatwehavetheabilitytovoluntarilyforgetsomething,buthowourbrainsdothatisstillbeingquestioned.Oncewecanfigureouthowmemoriesareweakenedanddesignwaystocontrolthis,wecandesigntreatmenttohelppeopleridthemselvesofunwantedmemories.”
Usingneuroimagingtotrackpatternsofbrainactivity,theresearchersshowedagroupofhealthyadultsimagesofscenesandfaces,instructingthemtoeitherrememberorforgeteachimage.Theirfindingsnotonlyconfirmedthathumanshavetheabilitytocontrolwhattheyforget,butthatsuccessfulintentionalforgettingrequired“moderate(适中的)levels”ofbrainactivityinthesesensoryandperceptualareas(感官区域)—moreactivitythanwhatwasrequiredtoremember.
“Amoderatelevelofbrainactivityiscriticaltothisforgettingmechanism.Toostrong,anditwillstrengthenthememory;tooweak,andyouwon’tchangeit,”saidTracyWang,leadauthorofthestudyandapsychologypostdoctoralfellowatUTAustin.“Importantly,it’stheintentiontoforgetthatincreasestheactivationofthememory,andwhenthisactivationhitsthe‘moderatelevel’sweetspot,that’swhenitleadstolaterforgettingofthatexperience.”Theresearchersalsofoundthatparticipantsweremorelikelytoforgetscenesthanfaces,whichcancarrymuchmoreemotionalinformation,theresearcherssaid.
“We’relearninghowthesemechanismsinourbrainrespondtodifferenttypesofinformation,anditwilltakealotoffurtherresearchandreplication(重复)ofthisworkbeforeweunderstandhowtocontrolourabilitytoforget,”saidLewis-Peacock,whohasbegunanewstudyusingneurofeedbacktotrackhowmuchattentionisgiventocertaintypesofmemories.
"Thiswillmakewayforfuturestudiesonhowweprocess,andhopefullygetridof,thosereallystrong,stickyemotionalmemories,whichcanhaveapowerfuleffectonourhealthand
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