培训资料之抄袭认定.docx
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培训资料之抄袭认定.docx
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培训资料之抄袭认定
培训资料之抄袭认定
培训资料之抄袭认定WhatisPlagiarismManypeoplethinkofplagiarismascopyinganother’swork,orborrowingsomeoneelse’soriginalideas.Buttermslikecopyingandborrowingcandisguisetheseriousnessoftheoffense:
AccordingtotheMerriam-WebsterOnlineDictionary,toplagiarizemeans1.tostealandpassoff(theideasorwordsofanother)asone’sown2.touse(another’sproduction)withoutcreditingthesource3.tocommitliterarytheft4.topresentasnewandoriginalanideaorproductderivedfromanexistingsource.Inotherwords,plagiarismisanactoffraud.Itinvolvesbothstealingsomeoneelse’sworkandlyingaboutitafterward.Butcanwordsandideasreallybestolen?
AccordingtoU.S.law,theanswerisyes.Theexpressionoforiginalideasisconsideredintellectualproperty,andisprotectedbycopyrightlaws,justlikeoriginalinventions.Almostallformsofexpressionfallundercopyrightprotectionaslongastheyarerecordedinsomeway(suchasabookoracomputerfile).Allofthefollowingareconsideredplagiarism:
turninginsomeoneelse’sworkasyourown copyingwordsorideasfromsomeoneelsewithoutgivingcredit failingtoputaquotationinquotationmarks givingincorrectinformationaboutthesourceofaquotation changingwordsbutcopyingthesentencestructureofasourcewithoutgivingcredit copyingsomanywordsorideasfromasourcethatitmakesupthemajorityofyourwork,whetheryougivecreditornot(seeoursectiononfairuserules)Mostcasesofplagiarismcanbeavoided,however,bycitingsources.Simplyacknowledgingthatcertainmaterialhasbeenborrowed,andprovidingyouraudiencewiththeinformationnecessarytofindthatsource,isusuallyenoughtopreventplagiarism.Seeoursectiononformoreinformationonhowtocitesourcesproperly.UnintentionalPlagiarismNohoneststudentwouldwalkoutofaneighbors’houseaccidentallycarryingtheirtelevision.Buteventhemostwell-intentionedwriterssometimesappropriatetheworkofotherswithoutproperauthority.Howdoesthishappen?
CitationConfusionPerhapsthemostcommonreasonforinadvertentplagiarismissimplyanignoranceoftheproperformsofcitation.Seeourprintablehandouton.Plagiarismvs.ParaphrasingManystudentshavetroubleknowingwhentheyareparaphrasingandwhentheyareplagiarizing.Inanefforttomaketheirworkseemmoreoriginalbyputtingthingsintheirownwords,studentsmayofteninadvertentlyplagiarizebychangingtheoriginaltoomuchor,sometimes,notenough.Doingexercisesinclasswhereyouhandoutparaphrasedandplagiarizedpassagesinordertodiscussthedifferencesmightbeveryhelpful.Explainthatyourstudentsmustretaintheessentialideasoftheoriginal,butsignificantlychangethestyleandgrammaticalstructuretofitinthecontextoftheirargument.YoumayalsowanttosendyourstudentstoourPage.IwasjustcopyingmynotesStudentsoftenmixtheirownideasandthoseoftheirsourceswhentheytakesloppynotes,creatingconfusionwhentheybeginwritingtheirpapers.Itmaybeworthwhiletogooversomenote-takingmethodswithyourstudents.Teachingthemtodocumenttheirsourcesusingdifferentcoloredpensandpost-ittabstomarkpages,forexample,willsavetimeandkeepreferencesclear.Icouldn’tfindthesourceStudentsareoftensloppyaboutwritingdownthebibliographicinformationoftheirsources,leavingthemunabletoproperlyattributeinformationwhenitcomestowritingthepaper.Explainhowimportantitistokeepcarefultrackofreferencesduringthenote-takingstage.Studentsmaybeeagertofocusentirelyonthecontentoftheirresearch,andneedtobetoldthathowtheyhandletheirreferencematerialisasignificantpartoftheassignment.Havingthemturninbibliographiesbeforetheyturninthepaperitselfwillalsoencouragethemtopaymoreattentiontotheirsources.Ithoughtwedidn’thavetoquotefactsBecausetheinternetmakesinformationsoreadilyavailable,studentsmayfinditdifficulttotellthedifferencebetweencommonknowledgetheyarefreetouse,andoriginalideaswhicharetheintellectualpropertyofothers.TheeasiestthingtodoisteachyourstudentsthemaximWhenindoubt,citesources.ConfusionAboutExpectationsStudentsmaynotbeawareofwhatproperresearchrequires.Theymaythinktheyarebeingaskedsimplytoreportcriticalcommentary,ortoborrowfromanumberofsourcestoshowthattheyhavedonetheirhomework.Ineithercase,itbecomesaproblemifwhattheyturnintendstobepredominantlytheworkofothers.Oneofthemostcommonsourcesofconfusionistheambiguityoftermssuchasanalyzeanddiscuss.Youshouldexplaintoyourstudentsthatthesewordshavespecificmeaningsinacademicdiscourse,andthattheyimplyadegreeoforiginalthoughtthatgoesbeyondmerereporting.Emphasizingyourinterestintheirownideaswillalsohelpthemunderstandwhatyouexpectfromthem.CulturalPerspectivesonPlagiarismNotallculturestakethesameviewofplagiarism.TheWesternnotionthatideascanbethepropertyofindividualsmayactuallyseemabsurdtothosewithdifferentviewsonwhatconstitutessharedinformationorpublicdiscourse.Studentsfromcultureswhichhaveamorecollectivesenseofidentity,forexample,mayhaveadifficulttimeunderstandingthedistinctionssomeculturesdrawbetweenindividualandpublicproperty.Youmightspendsomeveryproductiveclasstimediscussingyourstudents’perspectivesonthisissue.TypesofPlagiarismAnyonewhohaswrittenorgradedapaperknowsthatplagiarismisnotalwaysablackandwhiteissue.Theboundarybetweenplagiarismandresearchisoftenunclear.Learningtorecognizethevariousformsofplagiarism,especiallythemoreambiguousones,isanimportantsteptowardseffectiveprevention.Manypeoplethinkofplagiarismascopyinganother’swork,orborrowingsomeoneelse’soriginalideas.Buttermslikecopyingandborrowingcandisguisetheseriousnessoftheoffense:
SourcesNotCitedTheGhostWriterThewriterturnsinanother’swork,word-for-word,ashisorherown.ThePhotocopyThewritercopiessignificantportionsoftextstraightfromasinglesource,withoutalteration.ThePotluckPaperThewritertriestodisguiseplagiarismbycopyingfromseveraldifferentsources,tweakingthesentencestomakethemfittogetherwhileretainingmostoftheoriginalphrasing.ThePoorDisguiseAlthoughthewriterhasretainedtheessentialcontentofthesource,heorshehasalteredthepaper’sappearanceslightlybychangingkeywordsandphrases.TheLaborofLazinessThewritertakesthetimetoparaphrasemostofthepaperfromothersourcesandmakeitallfittogether,insteadofspendingthesameeffortonoriginalwork.TheSelf-StealerThewriterborrowsgenerouslyfromhisorherpreviouswork,violatingpoliciesconcerningtheexpectationoforiginalityadoptedbymostacademicinstitutions.SourcesCited(ButStillPlagiarized)TheForgottenFootnoteThewritermentionsanauthor’snameforasource,butneglectstoincludespecificinformationonthelocationofthematerialreferenced.Thisoftenmasksotherformsofplagiarismbyobscuringsourcelocations.TheMisinformerThewriterprovidesinaccurateinformationregardingthesources,makingitimpossibletofindthem.TheToo-PerfectParaphraseThewriterproperlycitesasource,butneglectstoputinquotationmarkstextthathasbeencopiedword-for-word,orclosetoit.Althoughattributingthebasicideastothesource,thewriterisfalselyclaimingoriginalpresentationandinterpretationoftheinformation.TheResourcefulCiterThewriterproperlycitesallsources,paraphrasingandusingquotationsappropriately.Thecatch?
Thepapercontainsalmostnooriginalwork!
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