Grammar语法的定义Word格式文档下载.docx
- 文档编号:8593803
- 上传时间:2023-05-12
- 格式:DOCX
- 页数:8
- 大小:21.62KB
Grammar语法的定义Word格式文档下载.docx
《Grammar语法的定义Word格式文档下载.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《Grammar语法的定义Word格式文档下载.docx(8页珍藏版)》请在冰点文库上搜索。
Morphophonology·
Syntax·
Lexis·
Semantics·
Pragmatics·
Graphemics·
Orthography·
Semiotics
Descriptivelinguistics
Anthropologicallinguistics
Comparativelinguistics
Historicallinguistics
Etymology·
Graphetics·
Phonetics·
Sociolinguistics
Appliedand
experimentallinguistics
Computationallinguistics
Evolutionarylinguistics
Forensiclinguistics
Internetlinguistics
Languageacquisition
Languageassessment
Languagedevelopment
Languageeducation
Linguisticanthropology
Neurolinguistics
Psycholinguistics
Second-languageacquisition
Relatedarticles
Historyoflinguistics
Linguisticprescription
Listoflinguists
Listofunsolvedproblemsinlinguistics
Portal
v·
t·
e
Inlinguistics,grammaristhesetofstructuralrulesthatgovernsthecompositionofclauses,phrases,andwordsinanygivennaturallanguage.Thetermrefersalsotothestudyofsuchrules,andthisfieldincludesmorphology,syntax,andphonology,oftencomplementedbyphonetics,semantics,andpragmatics.Linguistsdonotnormallyusethetermtorefertoorthographicalrules,althoughusagebooksandstyleguidesthatcallthemselvesgrammarsmayalsorefertospellingandpunctuation.[citationneeded]
Contents[hide]
1Useoftheterm
2Etymology
3History
4Developmentofgrammars
5Grammarframeworks
6Education
7Seealso
8Notesandreferences
9Externallinks
[edit]UseofthetermThetermgrammarisoftenusedbynon-linguistswithaverybroadmeaning.AsJeremyButterfieldputsit:
"
GrammarisoftenagenericwayofreferringtoanyaspectofEnglishthatpeopleobjectto."
[1]However,linguistsuseitinamuchmorespecificsense.Speakersofalanguagehaveintheirheadsasetofrules[2]forusingthatlanguage.Thisisagrammar,and—atleastinthecaseofone'
snativelanguage—thevastmajorityoftheinformationinitisacquirednotbyconsciousstudyorinstruction,butbyobservingotherspeakers;
muchofthisworkisdoneduringinfancy.Languagelearninglaterinlife,ofcourse,mayinvolveagreaterdegreeofexplicitinstruction.[3]
Theterm"
grammar"
canalsobeusedtodescribetherulesthatgovernthelinguisticbehaviourofagroupofspeakers.Theterm"
Englishgrammar"
therefore,mayhaveseveralmeanings.ItmayrefertothewholeofEnglishgrammar—thatis,tothegrammarsofallthespeakersofthelanguage—inwhichcase,thetermencompassesagreatdealofvariation.[4]Alternatively,itmayreferonlytowhatiscommontothegrammarsofall,orofthevastmajorityofEnglishspeakers(suchassubject–verb–objectwordorderinsimpledeclarativesentences).Oritmayrefertotherulesofaparticular,relativelywell-definedvarietyofEnglish(suchasStandardEnglish).
"
AnEnglishgrammar"
isaspecificdescription,studyoranalysisofsuchrules.Areferencebookdescribingthegrammarofalanguageiscalleda"
referencegrammar"
orsimply"
agrammar."
Afullyexplicitgrammarthatexhaustivelydescribesthegrammaticalconstructionsofalanguageiscalledadescriptivegrammar.Thiskindoflinguisticdescriptioncontrastswithlinguisticprescription,anattempttodiscourageorsuppresssomegrammaticalconstructions,whilepromotingothers.Forexample,prepositionstrandingoccurswidelyinGermaniclanguagesandhasalonghistoryinEnglish.JohnDryden,however,objectedtoit(withoutexplanation),[5]leadingotherEnglishspeakerstoavoidtheconstructionanddiscourageitsuse.[6]
[edit]EtymologyFurtherinformation:
Grapheme
ThewordgrammarderivesfromGreekγραμματικὴτέχνη(grammatikētechnē),whichmeans"
artofletters"
fromγράμμα(gramma),"
letter"
itselffromγράφειν(graphein),"
todraw,towrite"
.[7]
[edit]HistoryFurtherinformation:
Historyoflinguistics
ThefirstsystematicgrammarsoriginatedinIronAgeIndia,withYaska(6thc.BC),Pāṇini(4thc.BC)andhiscommentatorsPingala(ca.200BC),Katyayana,andPatanjali(2ndc.BC).IntheWest,grammaremergedasadisciplineinHellenismfromthe3rdc.BCforwardwithauthorslikeRhyanusandAristarchusofSamothrace,theoldestextantworkbeingtheArtofGrammar(ΤέχνηΓραμματική),attributedtoDionysiusThrax(ca.100BC).LatingrammardevelopedbyfollowingGreekmodelsfromthe1stcenturyBC,duetotheworkofauthorssuchasOrbiliusPupillus,RemmiusPalaemon,MarcusValeriusProbus,VerriusFlaccus,andAemiliusAsper.
TolkāppiyamistheearliestTamilgrammar;
ithasbeendatedvariouslybetween1stCEand10thCE.
AgrammarofIrishoriginatedinthe7thcenturywiththeAuraiceptnan-É
ces.
ArabicgrammaremergedwithAbual-Aswadal-Du'
alifromthe7thcenturywhoin-turnwastaughtthedisciplinebyAliibnAbitalib,thefourthhistoricalcaliphofIslamandfirstImamforShi'
iMuslims.
ThefirsttreatisesonHebrewgrammarappearedintheHighMiddleAges,inthecontextofMishnah(exegesisoftheHebrewBible).TheKaraitetraditionoriginatedinAbbasidBaghdad.TheDiqduq(10thcentury)isoneoftheearliestgrammaticalcommentariesontheHebrewBible.[8]IbnBaruninthe12thcenturycomparestheHebrewlanguagewithArabicintheIslamicgrammaticaltradition.[9]
Belongingtothetriviumofthesevenliberalarts,grammarwastaughtasacoredisciplinethroughouttheMiddleAges,followingtheinfluenceofauthorsfromLateAntiquity,suchasPriscian.TreatmentofvernacularsbegangraduallyduringtheHighMiddleAges,withisolatedworkssuchastheFirstGrammaticalTreatise,butbecameinfluentialonlyintheRenaissanceandBaroqueperiods.In1486,AntoniodeNebrijapublishedLasintroducionesLatinascontrapuestoelromancealLatin,andthefirstSpanishgrammar,Gramá
ticadelalenguacastellana,in1492.Duringthe16thcenturyItalianRenaissance,theQuestionedellalinguawasthediscussiononthestatusandidealformoftheItalianlanguage,initiatedbyDante'
sdevulgarieloquentia(PietroBembo,ProsedellavolgarlinguaVenice1525).ThefirstgrammarofSlovenelanguagewaswrittenin1584byAdamBohorič.
Grammarsofnon-EuropeanlanguagesbegantobecompiledforthepurposesofevangelizationandBibletranslationfromthe16thcenturyonward,suchasGrammaticaoArtedelaLenguaGeneraldelosIndiosdelosReynosdelPerú
(1560),andaQuechuagrammarbyFrayDomingodeSantoTomá
s.
In1643thereappearedIvanUzhevych'
sGrammaticasclavonicaand,in1762,theShortIntroductiontoEnglishGrammarofRobertLowthwasalsopublished.TheGrammatisch-KritischesWö
rterbuchderhochdeutschenMundart,aHighGermangrammarinfivevolumesbyJohannChristophAdelung,appearedasearlyas1774.
Fromthelatterpartofthe18thcentury,grammarcametobeunderstoodasasubfieldoftheemergingdisciplineofmodernlinguistics.TheSerbiangrammarbyVukStefanovićKaradžićarrivedin1814,whiletheDeutscheGrammatikoftheBrothersGrimmwasfirstpublishedin1818.TheComparativeGrammarofFranzBopp,thestartingpointofmoderncomparativelinguistics,cameoutin1833.
[edit]DevelopmentofgrammarsMainarticle:
Historicallinguistics
Grammarsevolvethroughusageandalsoduetoseparationsofthehumanpopulation.Withtheadventofwrittenrepresentations,formalrulesaboutlanguageusagetendtoappearalso.Formalgrammarsarecodificationsofusagethataredevelopedbyrepeateddocumentationovertime,andbyobservationaswell.Astherulesbecomeestablishedanddeveloped,theprescriptiveconceptofgrammaticalcorrectnesscanarise.Thisoftencreatesadiscrepancybetweencontemporaryusageandthatwhichhasbeenaccepted,overtime,asbeingcorrect.Linguiststendtoviewprescriptivegrammarsashavinglittlejustificationbeyondtheirauthors'
aesthetictastes,althoughstyleguidesmaygiveusefuladviceaboutstandardlanguageemployment,basedondescriptionsofusageincontemporarywritingsofthesamelanguage.Linguisticprescriptionsalsoformpartoftheexplanationforvariationinspeech,particularlyvariationinthespeechofanindividualspeaker(anexplanation,forexample,forwhysomepeoplesay,"
Ididn'
tdonothing"
;
somesay,"
tdoanything"
andsomesayoneortheotherdependingonsocialcontext).
Theformalstudyofgrammarisanimportantpartofeducationforchildrenfromayoungagethroughadvancedlearning,thoughtherulestaughtinschoolsarenota"
inthesensemostlinguistsusetheterm,particularlyastheyareoftenprescriptiveratherthandescriptive.
Constructedlanguages(alsocalledplannedlanguagesorconlangs)aremorecommoninthemodernday.Manyhavebeendesignedtoaidhumancommunication(forexample,naturalisticInterlingua,schematicEsperanto,andthehighlylogic-compatibleartificiallanguageLojban).Eachoftheselanguageshasitsowngrammar.
Syntaxreferstolinguisticstructureabovethewordlevel(e.g.howsentencesareformed)—thoughwithouttakingintoaccountintonation,whichisthedomainofphonology.Morphology,bycontrast,referstostructureatandbelowthewordlevel(e.g.howcompoundwordsareformed),butabovethelevelofindividualsounds,which,likeintonation,areinthedomainofphonology.[10]Noclearlinecanbedrawn,however,betweensyntaxandmorphology.Analyticlanguagesusesyntaxtoconveyinformationthatisencodedviainflectioninsyntheticlanguages.Inotherwords,wordorderisnotsignificantandmorphologyishighlysignificantinapurelysyntheticl
- 配套讲稿:
如PPT文件的首页显示word图标,表示该PPT已包含配套word讲稿。双击word图标可打开word文档。
- 特殊限制:
部分文档作品中含有的国旗、国徽等图片,仅作为作品整体效果示例展示,禁止商用。设计者仅对作品中独创性部分享有著作权。
- 关 键 词:
- Grammar 语法 定义