杨忠 系统功能语法讲义AN INTRODUCTION TO FUNCTIONAL GRAMMAR杨忠讲义Word文档下载推荐.docx
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杨忠 系统功能语法讲义AN INTRODUCTION TO FUNCTIONAL GRAMMAR杨忠讲义Word文档下载推荐.docx
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form
Languageasanabstractsystem
Automation(ruleslikemachine)
sentence
Logic,psychology,philosophy
Function-
alism
Going-in
Throughmeaning
Languageinuse
Choice(systemnetwork,meaningpotential)
Clause,
text
Anthropology,sociology
3.Functionalismasastreamoflinguistics
●FunctionalisminEurope
ThePragueSchool:
Majorachievement—phonemicanalysis
Representatives—V.Mathesius(马西/泰修斯)
N.S.Trubetzky(特鲁别茨科依)[Russian]
A.Martinet(马丁内)[French]
TheCopenhagenSchool:
Majorachievement—text/discourseanalysis
Representative—L.Hjelmslev(1899-1965)[叶尔姆斯列夫]
TheLondonSchool:
Majorachievement—theoryofcontext
Systemic-functionalgrammar
Majorrepresentatives—J.R.Firth(1890-1960)[弗斯](British)
M.A.K.Halliday(1925-)
●FunctionalismintheU.S.A.
Majorachievement—linguisticrelativity;
Conitivegrammar;
Cognitivesemantcs;
Conceptualmetaphor
Representatives—F.Boas(1858-1942)
E.Sapir(1884-1939)
B.L.Whorf(1897-1941)
Fillmore
Langacker
Lakoff
Talmy
●FunctionalisminChina
11annualconferencesheld(7thheldinNENU)
;
ChinaAssociationofFunctionalLinguistics
4.Themeaningofthetermfunction
●Organic/constitutivefunction
●Rolefunction
●Speechfunctions(aspurposeorintention)
●Metafunctions(asbroadcategoriesofmeanings)
Thetheoryofmetafunctionsisthecornerstoneofsystemic-
functionallinguistics
5.Tenetsoffunctionalapproachtolanguage(asgeneralisedbyButler,C.S.2003.SturctureandFunction:
AGuidetoThreeMajorStructural-functionalTheories.Amsterdam/Philodelphia:
JohnBenjamins)
(1)Anemphasisonlanguageasasmeansofhumancommunicationinsocialandpsychologicalcontexts;
(2)Rejectionoftheclaimthatthelanguagesystem(thegrammar)isarbitraryandself-contained,infavouroffunctionalexplanationintermsofcognition,socio-cultural,physiologicalanddiachraonicfactors;
(3)Rejectionoftheclaimthatsyntaxisaself-containedsystem,infavourofanapproachwheresemanticandpragmaticpatterningisregardedascentral;
(4)Recognitionoftheimportanceofnon-discretenessinlinguisticdescriptionand,moregenerally,oftheimportanceofthecognitivedimensions;
(5)Aconsernfortheanalysisoftextsandtheircontextsofuse;
(6)Astronginterestintypologicalmatters;
(7)Theadoptionofaconstructionistratherthananadaptionistviewoflanguageacquisition.
SessionTwo
1.Whatissystem?
●Definition
“Agroupofrelatedpartsthatworktogetherasawholeforaparticularpurpose”(LongmanDictionaryofContemporaryEnglish)
“同类事物按一定的关系组成的整体”(《现代汉语词典》)
---Trafficlightsassystemofsymbols:
Stopping---red
Slowingdown---amber
Going---green
(Nowatmaincrossroadstherearealsoarrowsforrightandleftturns,sothesystemischanged)
---Chessasasystem
---Thedifferencebetweenchessandlanguage
●Features
---Elements
---Wholeness
1)TheideaofsystemasaconceptinlinguisticsisfirstexpoundedinCourseinGeneralLinguistics,wheresystemreferstolangue,understoodasthesyntagmaticrelation(linear).
“Whatislanguage?
“Language,[……],isaself-containedwholeandaprincipleofclassification”(Saussure1959:
9)
ButthemeaningofsystemisdifferentinHalliday’stheoryofgrammar.
2)TheconceptionofsystemappearedinHalliday’searlypublications:
Halliday,M.A.K(1956)GrammaticalCategoriesinModernChinese.TransitionsofthePhilologicalSociety,1956.pp.177-224.ReprintedinKress(ed.)(1976).
Halliday,M.A.K,1961CategoriesoftheTheoryofGrammar.InWord,vol.17,3:
241-292.
Halliday,M.A.K,1963.‘Classinrelationtotheaxesofchainandchoiceinlanguage’.Linguistics.No.2
Inthesearticles,Hallidayputforwardfourfundamentalcategoriesofgrammar:
unit(单位),class(类别),structure(结构)andsystem(系统).Inaddition,therearethreescales(阶):
rank(级),exponence(标示),delicacy(精密度).
“韩礼德对语法的两大部分‘范畴’和‘阶’做了比过去全面成熟的归纳和阐述,对语言学界产生深远的影响,被公认为‘阶与范畴’(scaleandcategorygrammar)语法的发端。
两年后,韩礼德又发表了‘类与语
言中的连接轴和选择轴的关系’一文,进一步阐述阶和范畴的关系。
(胡壮麟,朱永生,张德禄,李战子,《系统功能语言学概论》,2005。
)
(阶与范畴有什么区别?
Units
Text
Clause
ScaleofrankGroup/phrase
Word
Morpheme
Scaleofdelicacy
Leastdelicatemostdelicate
Primarystructuresecondarystructure
Scaleofexponence
Primaryclasssecondaryclass
Example:
Allthethreetopstudentsareaccepted.
All
the
three
top
students
Areaccepted.
S
p
NG
VG
D
M
H
Dpre
Dmid
Dpost
3)“Systemisasetofoptions”.Grammarisasystemnetwork.Systemisprimary,structureissecondary.Structureistherealizationofchoicerelations.
4)Whyissystemprimary?
---Languageasaresourceisasystemofsystems;
categoriesarehierarchical.
---Choicesoutofcertainpurposes/intensions
2.Whatarethefundamentaldifferencesinformalismandfunctionalismingrammaticaldescription?
FormalismvsFunctionalism
●Perspectives:
intraorganismvsinterorganism
●Focus:
chainrelationsvschoicerelations
●Goal:
Bothareexplanatory&
descriptive;
todescribeandexplain:
Howdoesonespeak?
VsHowdopeopletalk?
3.Thefundamentaldifferencebetweenfunctionandmetafunction
—Levelofabstractionindescriptionandexplanation.
4.Semiologicalinterpretationofthethreemetafunctions
1)DifferenttheoriesofmetafunctionproposedbyB.Malinowski(马林诺夫斯基),K.Buhler(比勒)andM.A.K.Halliday.
B.Malinowski(1923)
(Anthropological)
K.Buhler(1923)
(psychological)
M.A.K.Halliday(1972,1985,1994)(Linguistic)
Pragmatic实用功能
Representational表达功能
Ideational概念功能
Phaticfunction寒暄功能
Expressive表情功能
Interpersonal人际功能
Conative意欲功能
Magicalfunction巫术功能
Referential所指功能
Textual语篇功能
2)Ideationalandinterpersonalfunctionsaremoreessentialfunctions(seeHalliday1994:
xiii)
Alllanguageareorganizedaroundthemainkindsofmeaning,theideationalorreflective,andtheinterpersonaloractive.Thesecomponentsarethemanifestationsinthelinguisticsystemofthetwoverygeneralpurposeswhichunderlieallusesoflanguage:
(i)tounderstandtheenvironmentand(ii)toactontheothersinit.Combinedwiththisisthethirdmetafunction.
SessionThree:
DiscussionofChapterFour
1.Thefundamentalargumentforafunctionalanalysis
●Communicationasinteractionorexchangeofmeanings.
●Communicationisnotjustunidirectional,notjustpassinginformation.
Pleaseconsidertheconnotationof‘talk’and‘speak’.
2.Thegeneralframeworkforexchangeofmeanings/functions
GivingInformation(statement)
Goods&
services(offer)
DemandingInformation(question)
services(command)
3.ThedefinitionofMood(语气成分)
●‘Thesubjectandfinite’makeupacomponentoftheclausethatiscalledMood.—astructuraldefinition
●Thecomponentofaclausethatrealizestheinteractivefunction.
Eg.---Thepresidenthasturneddowntheproposal,hasn’the?
---(a)Yes,hehas.
(b)No,hehasn’t.
(c)Oh,hashe?
(d)No,hehasn’t.Buthewill.
(e)Hehasn’t,andhewon’t.
4.ThestructureofMoodindifferenttypesofEnglishClauses:
(1)Summary
Typesofclause
MoodStructure
Declarative
‘Iamleaving.’
SF
Interrogatives
Yes-no
‘Areyouleaving?
’
FS
Wh-
Wh-asS
‘Whoisleaving?
Wh-notasS
‘Whyareyouleaving?
Imperatives
unmarked
‘Leavehere!
‘Don’tleavehere!
(F)
marked
‘Youleavehere!
‘Don’tyouleavehere!
(F)S
(2)Moreaboutthefiniteinimperatives(pp.48-49)
●Whygenerallythereisnofiniteinimperatives?
Notopentonegotiation.Thefiniteisusedfornegationoremphasisonceitappears.
●Ifnegotiativeinmeaning,aquestiontagisadded.Inthiscase,thefiniteisnot‘normal’finiteinitsrangeoffunctions.
e.g.Don’ttellanyone,willyou?
(notdoyou?
●‘Let’s’and‘letus’maytakedifferenttags.
e.g.:
LetuscallyouLaoWang,willyou?
Let’sstartnow,shallwe?
5.ThemeaningsofSubjectandFinite
“Subjectissomethingbyreferencetowhichthepropositioncanbeaffirmedordenied.”(HallidayandMathiessen,2004:
117)
“Thesubjectisoftendescribedastheconstituentdefiningthetopicofthesentence---thatwhichthesentenceisaboutandwhichitpresupposesasitspointofdeparture.”(Quirketal.1985:
79)
“Thedivision,(Subject,Predicate),however,hasmoretodowiththestatementasalogicalcategorythanwiththestructuralfactsofgrammar.”
Subject—expressestheentitythatthespeakerwantstomakeresponsibleforthevalidityoftheproposition.
Propositionis“thebasicunitoflogicalanalysis,characteristicallystatedbyadeclarativesentenceandthebeareroftruth-valuetrueorfalse.Manytheoristsidentifypropositionswithstatements.Botharedistinguishedfromsentences,butsomephilosopherswishtoeliminatepropositionsasabstractentitiesinfavourofsentences.Ifbothkindsofentityareaccepted,allpropositionaresentencesorexpressedbysente
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