USP88生物实验.docx
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USP88生物实验.docx
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USP88生物实验
88
BIOLOGICALREACTIVITYTESTS,INVIVO
Thefollowingtestsaredesignedtodeterminethebiologicalresponseofanimalstoelastomerics,plastics,andotherpolymericmaterialwithdirectorindirectpatientcontact,orbytheinjectionofspecificextractspreparedfromthematerialundertest.Itisessentialtomakeavailablethespecificsurfaceareaforextraction.Whenthesurfaceareaofthespecimencannotbedetermined,use0.1gofelastomeror0.2gofplasticorothermaterialforeverymLofextractionfluid.Also,itisessentialtoexercisecareinthepreparationofthematerialstobeinjectedorinstilledtopreventcontaminationwithmicroorganismsandotherforeignmatter.Threetestsaredescribed.TheSystemicInjectionTestandtheIntracutaneousTestareusedforelastomericmaterials,especiallytoelastomericclosuresforwhichtheappropriateBiologicalReactivityTests,InVitro
87
haveindicatedsignificantbiologicalreactivity.Thesetwotestsareusedforplasticsandotherpolymers,inadditiontoathirdtest,theImplantationTest,totestthesuitabilityofthesematerialsintendedforuseinfabricatingcontainersandaccessoriesthereto,foruseinparenteralpreparations,andforuseinmedicaldevices,implants,andothersystems.
Thesethreetestsareappliedtomaterialsormedicaldevices,ifthereisaneedforclassificationofplasticsandotherpolymersbasedoninvivobiologicalreactivitytesting.
Forthepurposeofthischapter,thesedefinitionsapply:
theSampleisthespecimenundertestoranextractpreparedfromsuchaspecimen.ABlankconsistsofthesamequantityofthesameextractingmediumthatisusedfortheextractionofthespecimenundertest,treatedinthesamemannerastheextractingmediumcontainingthespecimenundertest.ANegativeControl1isaspecimenthatgivesnoreactionundertheconditionsofthetest.
CLASSIFICATIONOFPLASTICS
SixPlasticClassesaredefined(seeTable1).Thisclassificationisbasedonresponsestoaseriesofinvivotestsforwhichextracts,materials,androutesofadministrationarespecified.Thesetestsaredirectlyrelatedtotheintendedend-useoftheplasticarticles.Thechoiceofextractantsisrepresentativeofthevehiclesinpreparationswithwhichtheplasticsarelikelytobeincontact.TheTable1classificationfacilitatescommunicationamongsuppliers,users,andmanufacturersofplasticsbysummarizingtheteststobeperformedforcontainersforinjectionsandmedicaldevicesifaneedforclassificationexists.
Table1.ClassificationofPlastics
PlasticClassesa
TeststobeConducted
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
TestMaterial
Animal
Dose
Procedureb
x
x
x
x
x
x
ExtractofSampleinSodiumChlorideInjection
Mouse
50mL/kg
A(IV)
x
x
x
x
x
x
RabbitorGuineaPig
0.2mL/animal
ateachof10or6sites
B(IC)
x
x
x
x
x
ExtractofSamplein1in20SolutionofAlcoholinSodiumChlorideInjection
Mouse
50mL/kg
A(IP)
x
x
x
x
x
RabbitorGuineaPig
0.2mL/animal
ateachof10or6sites
B(IC)
x
x
x
ExtractofSampleinPolyethyleneGlycol400
Mouse
10g/kg
A(IP)
x
x
RabbitorGuineaPig
0.2mL/animal
ateachof10or6sites
B(IC)
x
x
x
x
ExtractofSampleinVegetableOil
Mouse
50mL/kg
A(IP)
x
x
x
RabbitorGuineaPig
0.2mL/animal
ateachof10or6sites
B(IC)
x
x
ImplantstripsofSample
Rabbit
4strips/animal
C
x
x
ImplantSample
Rat
2Samples/animal
C
a Testsrequiredforeachclassareindicatedby“x”inappropriatecolumns.
b Legend:
A(IP)—SystemicInjectionTest(intraperitoneal);B(IC)—IntracutaneousTest(intracutaneous);C—ImplantationTest(intramuscularorsubcutaneousimplantation).
WiththeexceptionoftheImplantationTest,theproceduresarebasedontheuseofextractsthat,dependingontheheatresistanceofthematerial,arepreparedatoneofthreestandardtemperatures:
50
70
and121
.Therefore,theclassdesignationofaplasticmustbeaccompaniedbyanindicationofthetemperatureofextraction(e.g.,IV-121
whichrepresentsaclassIVplasticextractedat121
orI-50
whichrepresentsaclassIplasticextractedat50
).
PlasticsmaybeclassifiedasUSPPlasticClassesI–VIonlyonthebasisoftheresponsecriteriaprescribedinTable1.
Thisclassificationdoesnotapplytoplasticsthatareintendedforuseascontainersfororalortopicalproducts,orthatmaybeusedasanintegralpartofadrugformulation.Table1doesnotapplytonaturalelastomers,whicharetobetestedinSodiumChlorideInjectionandvegetableoilsonly.
TheSystemicInjectionTestandtheIntracutaneousTestaredesignedtodeterminethesystemicandlocal,respectively,biologicalresponsesofanimalstoplasticsandotherpolymersbythesingle-doseinjectionofspecificextractspreparedfromaSample.TheImplantationTestisdesignedtoevaluatethereactionoflivingtissuetotheplasticandotherpolymersbytheimplantationoftheSampleitselfintoanimaltissue.TheproperpreparationandplacementofthespecimensunderasepticconditionsareimportantintheconductoftheImplantationTest.
Thesetestsaredesignedforapplicationtoplasticsandotherpolymersintheconditioninwhichtheyareused.Ifthematerialistobeexposedtoanycleansingorsterilizationprocesspriortoitsend-use,thenthetestsaretobeconductedonaSamplepreparedfromaspecimenpreconditionedbythesameprocessing.
Factorssuchasmaterialcomposition,processingandcleaningprocedures,contactingmedia,inks,adhesives,absorption,adsorptionandpermeabilityofpreservatives,andconditionsofstoragemayalsoaffectthesuitabilityofamaterialforaspecificuse.Evaluationofsuchfactorsshouldbemadebyappropriateadditionalspecificteststodeterminethesuitabilityofamaterialforitsintendeduse.
USPReferenceStandards
11
—USPHigh-DensityPolyethyleneRS.
ExtractingMedia—
sodiumchlorideinjection(seemonograph).UseSodiumChlorideInjectioncontaining0.9%ofNaCl.
1in20solutionofalcoholinsodiumchlorideinjection.
polyethyleneglycol400(seemonograph).
vegetableoil—UsefreshlyrefinedSesameOil(seemonograph)orCottonseedOil(seemonograph)orothersuitablevegetableoils.
drugproductvehicle(whereapplicable).
waterforinjection(seemonograph).
Note—TheSesameOilorCottonseedOilorothersuitablevegetableoilmeetsthefollowingadditionalrequirements.Obtain,ifpossible,freshlyrefinedoil.Usethreeproperlypreparedanimals,andinjecttheoilintracutaneouslyinadoseof0.2mLintoeachof10sitesperanimal,andobservetheanimalsat24,48,and72hfollowinginjection.RatetheobservationsateachsiteonthenumericalscaleindicatedinTable2.Forthe3rabbitsorguineapigs(30or18injectionsites),atanyobservationtime,theaverageresponseforerythemaisnotgreaterthan0.5andforedemaisnotgreaterthan1.0,andnositeshowsatissuereactionlargerthan10mminoveralldiameter.Theresidueofoilattheinjectionsiteshouldnotbemisinterpretedasedema.Edematoustissueblancheswhengentlepressureisapplied.
Table2.EvaluationofSkinReactionsa
ErythemaandEscharFormation
Score
Noerythema
0
Veryslighterythema(barelyperceptible)
1
Well-definederythema
2
Moderatetosevereerythema
3
Severeerythema(beet-redness)toslightescharformation(injuriesindepth)
4
EdemaFormationb
Score
Noedema
0
Veryslightedema(barelyperceptible)
1
Slightedema(edgesofareawelldefinedbydefiniteraising)
2
Moderateedema(raisedapproximately
1mm)
3
Severeedema(raisedmorethan1mmandextendingbeyondtheareaof
exposure)
4
a DraizeJH,WoodwardG,CalveryHO.Methodsforthestudyofirritationandtoxicityofsubstancesappliedtopicallytotheskinandmucousmembranes.JPharmacolExpTher1944;82:
377–390.
b Excludesnoninflammatory(mechanical)edemafromtheblankorextractionfluid.
Apparatus—Theapparatusforthetestsincludesthefollowing.
autoclave—Useanautoclavecapableofmaintainingatemperatureof121±2.0
equippedwithathermometer,apressuregauge,aventcock,arackadequatetoaccommodatethetestcontainersabovethewaterlevel,andawatercoolingsystemthatwillallowforcoolingofthetestcontainerstoabout,butnotbelow,20
immediatelyfollowingtheheatingcycle.
oven—Useanoven,preferablyaforced-circulationmodel,thatwillmaintainoperatingtemperaturesof50
or70
within±2
.
extractioncontainers—Useonlycontainers,suchasampulsorscrew-capculturetesttubes,ofTypeIglass.Ifused,culturetesttubesareclosedwithscrewcapshavingsuitableelastomericliners.Theexposedsurfaceoftheelastomericlineriscompletelyprotectedwithaninertsoliddisk0.05–0.075mminthickness.Asuitablediskmaybefabricatedfromapolytefresin.
PreparationofApparatus—Cleanseallglasswarethoroughlywithchromicacidcleansingmixture,orifnecessary,withhotnitricacid,followedbyprolongedrinsingwithwater.Cleancuttingutensilsbyanappropriatemethod(e.g.,successivecleaningwithacetoneandmethylenechloride)priortouseinsubdividingaspecimen.Cleanallotherequipmentbythoroughscrubbingwithasuitabledetergentandprolongedrinsingwithwater.
Rendercontainersandequipmentusedforextraction,andintransferandadministrationoftestmaterial,sterileanddrybyasuitableprocess.[Note—Ifethyleneoxideisusedasthesterilizingagent,allowadequatetimeforcompletedegassing.]
Procedure—
preparationofsample—BoththeSystemicInjectionTestand
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