Unit7.docx
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Unit7.docx
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Unit7
UnitSeven:
TheVirtuesofAmbition
JosephEpstein
Text
1.1. AmbitionisoneofthoseRorschachwords:
defineitandyouinstantlyrevealagreatdealaboutyourself.Eventhatmostneutralofworks,Webster's,initsseventhNewCollegiateEdition,givesitselfaway,definingambitionfirstandforemostas"anardentdesireforrank,fame,orpower."Ardentimmediatelyassumesaheatincommensuratewithgoodsenseandstability,andrank,fame,andpowerhavecomeunderfairlyheavyattackforatleastacentury.Onecan,afterall,beambitiousforthepublicgood,forthealleviationofsuffering,fortheenlightenmentofmankind,thoughtherearesomewhosaythatthesearepreciselytheambitiouspeoplemosttobedistrusted.
2.Surelyambitionisbehinddreamsofglory,ofwealth,oflove,ofdistinction,ofaccomplishment,ofpleasure,ofgoodness.Whatlifedoeswithourdreamsandexpectationscannot,ofcourse,bepredicted.Somedreams,beguninselflessness,endinrancor;otherdreams,beguninselfishness,endinlarge-heartedness.Theunpredictabilityoftheoutcomeofdreamsisnoreasontoceasedreaming.
3.Tobesure,ambition,thesheerthingunalloyedbysomelargerpurposethanmerelyclamberingup,isneveraprettyprospecttoponder.Asdrunkshavedonetoalcohol,thesingle-mindedhavedonetoambition--givenitabadname.Likeatasteforalcohol,too,ambitiondoesnotalwaysallowforeasysatiation.Somepeoplecannothandleit;ithasbroughtgrieftoothers,andnotmerelytheambitiousalone.Still,noneofthisseemsasufficientcausefordrivingambitionunderthecounter.
4.Whatistheworstthatcanbesaid---thathasbeensaid--aboutambition?
Hereisa(surely)partiallist:
Tobeginwith,it,ambition,isoftenantisocial,andindeedisnowoutmoded,belongingtoanagewhenindividualismwasmorevaluedandusefulthanitistoday.Thepersonstronglyimbuedwithambitionignoresthecollectivity;sociallydetached,heisonhisownandoutforhisown.Individualityandambitionarefirmlylinked.Theambitiousindividual,farfromidentifyinghimselfandhisfortuneswiththegroup,wishestoriseaboveit.Theambitiousmanorwomanseestheworldasabattle;rivalrousnessishisorherprincipalemotion:
theworldhaslimitedprizestooffer,andheorsheisdeterminedtogethisorhers.Ambitionis,moreover,jesuitical;itcanarguethosepossessedbyitintobelievingthatwhattheywantforthemselvesisgoodforeveryone--thatthesatisfactionoftheirowndesiresisbestforthecommonweal.Thetrulyambitiousbelievethatitisadog-eat-dogworld,andtheyaredistinguishedbywantingtobethedogsthatdotheeating.
5.Fromhereitisbutashorthoptobelievethatthosewhohaveachievedthecommongoalsofambition--money,fame,power--haveachievedthemthroughcorruptionofagreaterorlesserdegree,mostlyagreater.Thusallpoliticiansinhighplaces,thoughttobeambitious,areunderstoodtobe,ipsofacto,withoutmoralscruples.Howcouldtheyhavesuchscruples--aweightyburdeninahighclimb--andstillhaverisenastheyhave?
6.Ifambitionistobewellregarded,therewardsofambition--wealth,distinction,controloverone'sdestiny--mustbeconsideredworthyofthesacrificesmadeonambition'sbehalf.Ifthetraditionofambitionistohavevitality,itmustbewidelyshared;anditespeciallymustbeesteemedbypeoplewhoarethemselvesadmired,theeducatednotleastamongthem.Theeducatednotleastbecause,nowadaysmorethaneverbefore,itistheywhohaveusurpedtheplatformsofpublicdiscussionandwieldthepowerofthespokenandwrittenwordinnewspapers,inmagazines,ontelevision.Inanoddway,itistheeducatedwhohaveclaimedtohavegivenuponambitionasanideal.Whatisoddisthattheyhaveperhapsmostbenefitedfromambition--ifnotalwaystheirownthenthatoftheirparentsandgrandparents.Thereisaheavynoteofhypocrisyinthis;acaseofclosingthebarndoorafterthehorseshaveescaped--withtheeducatedthemselvesastridethem.
7.Certainlypeopledonotseemlessinterestedinsuccessanditsaccoutrementsnowthanformerly.Summerhomes,Europeantravel,BMWs--thelocationsplacenamesandnamebrandsmaychange,butsuchitemsdonotseemlessindemandtodaythanadecadeortwoyearsago.Whathashappenedisthatpeoplecannotownuptotheirdreams,aseasilyandopenlyasoncetheycould,lesttheybethoughtpushing,acquisitive,vulgar.Insteadwearetreatedtofinepharisaicalspectacles,whichnowmorethaneverseeminamplesupply:
Therevolutionarylawyerquarteredinthe$250,000Manhattanluxuriousapartment;thecriticofAmericanmaterialismwithaSouthamptonsummerhome;thepublisherofradicalbookswhotakeshismealsinthree-starrestaurants;thejournalistadvocatingparticipatorydemocracyinallphasesoflife,whoseownchildrenareenrolledinprivateschools.Forsuchpeopleandmanymoreperhapsnotsoegregious,theproperformulationis,"Succeedatallcostsbutrefrainfromappearingambitious."
8.Theattacksonambitionaremanyandcomefromvariousangles;itspublicdefendersarefewandunimpressive,wheretheyarenotextremelyunattractive.Asaresult,thesupportforambitionasahealthyimpulse,aqualitytobeadmiredandinculcatedintheyoung,isprobablylowerthanithaseverbeenintheUnitedStates.Thisdoesnotmeanthatambitionisatanend,thatpeoplenolongerfeelitsstirringsandprompting,butonlythat,nolongeropenlyhonored,itislessoftenopenlyprofessed.Consequencesfollowfromthis,ofcourse,someofwhicharethatambitionisdrivenunderground,ormadesly,orperverse.Itcanalsobeforcedintovulgarity,aswitnesstheblatantpratingsofitscontemporarypromoters.Such,then,isthewaythingsstand:
ontheleftangrycritics,ontherightobtusesupporters,andinthemiddle,asusual,themajorityofearnestpeopletryingtogetoninlife.
9.Manypeoplearenaturallydistrustfulofambition,feelingthatitrepresentssomethingintractableinhumannature.ThusJohnDeanentitledhisbookabouthisinvolvementintheWatergateaffairduringtheNixonadministrationblindAmbitionasifambitionweretoblameforhisignobleactions,andnottheconstellationofqualitiesthatmakeuphisrathershabbycharacter.Ambition,itmustonceagainbeunderscored,ismorallyatwo-sidedstreet.PlacenexttoJohnDeanAndrewCarnegie,who,amongotherphilanthropicacts,boughtthelibraryofLordActon,atatimewhenActonwasinfinancialdistress,andassigneditscustodianshiptoActon,whoneverwastoldwhohisbenefactorwas.Needmuchmorebesaidonthesubjectthanthat,importantthoughambitionis,therearesomethingsthatonemustnotsacrificetoit?
10.Butgoingatthingstheotherway,sacrificingambitionsoastoguardagainstitspotentialexcesses,istogoatthingswrongly.Todiscourageambitionistodiscouragedreamsofgrandeurandgreatness.Allmenandwomenareborn,live,suffer,anddie;whatdistinguishesusonefromanotherisourdreams,whethertheybedreamsaboutworldlyorunworldlythings,andwhatwedotomakethemcomeabout.
11.Itmayseemanexaggerationtosaythatambitionisthelinchpinofsociety,holdingmanyofitsdisparateelementstogether,butitisnotanexaggerationbymuch.Removeambitionandtheessentialelementsofsocietyseemtoflyapart.Ambition,asopposedtomerefantasizingaboutdesires,impliesworkanddisciplinetoachievegoals,personalandsocial,ofakindsocietycannotsurvivewithout.Ambitionisintimatelyconnectedwithfamily,formenandwomennotonlyworkpartlyfortheirfamilies;husbandsandwivesareoftenambitiousforeachother,butharborsomeoftheirmostardentambitionsfortheirchildren.Yettohaveafamilynowadays--withbirthcontrolreadilyavailable,andinflationagoodeconomicargumentagainsthavingchildren--isnearlyanexpressionofambitioninitself.Finally,thoughambitionwasoncethedomainchieflyofmonarchsandaristocrats,ithas,inmorerecenttimes,increasinglybecomethedomainofthemiddleclasses.Ambitionandfuturity--asenseofbuildingfortomorrow--areinextricable.Working,saving,planning--these,thedailyaspectsofambition--havealwaysbeenthedistinguishingmarksofarisingmiddleclass.Theattackagainstambitionisnotincidentallyanattackonthemiddleclassandwhatitstandsfor.Likeitornot,themiddleclasshasdonemuchofsociety'sworkinAmerica;andit,themiddleclass,hasfromthebeginningrunonambition.
12.Itisnotdifficulttoimagineaworldshornofambition.Itwouldprobablybeakinderworld:
withoutdemands,withoutabrasions,withoutdisappointments.Peoplewouldhavetimeforreflection.Suchworkastheydidwouldnotbeforthemselvesbutforthecollectivity.Competitionwouldneverenterin.Conflictwouldbeeliminated,tensionbecomeathingofthepast.Thestressofcreationwouldbeatanend.Artwouldnolongerbetroubling,butpurelycelebratoryinitsfunctions.Thefamilywouldbecomesuperfluousasasocialunitwithallitsformerpowerforbringingaboutneurosisdrainedaway.Longevitywouldbeincreased,forfewerpeoplewoulddieofheartattackorstrokecausedbytumultuousendeavor.Anxietywouldbeextinct.Timewouldstretchonandon,withambitionlongdepartedfromthehumanheart.
13.Ah,howunrelievedlyboringlifewouldbe!
ExplanationoftheText
1.1. defineitandyouinstantlyrevealagreatdealaboutyourself:
thewayyoupersonallydefineambitionwilltellalotaboutyou,yourdreams,yourdesire,yourvalues,yourphilosophy,etc.revealv.:
makeknownsomethingthatwaspreviouslysecretorhiddene.g.Herevealedthathehadbeen
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