GESE7 Reading materials.docx
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GESE7 Reading materials.docx
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GESE7Readingmaterials
Education
EducationinChina
Since1949whenthePeople’sRepublicofChinawasfounded,theChinesegovernmenthasalwaysattachedgreatimportancetoeducationandmadeapointofpromotingtheeducationrightsofitspopulation,especiallyofethnicgroups(少数民族),children,womenandthedisabled(残疾人).Throughuninterrupted(不懈的)effortsinthepastfivedecades,Chinahasmadesignificantprogressinitseducation.
MajortypesofeducationinChina
Basiceducation(基础教育),vocationalandpolytechniceducation(职业技术教育),ordinaryhighereducation(普通高等教育)andadulteducation(成人教育)arethefourmajortypesofeducationinChina.
Basiceducationreferstopre-schooleducation(学前教育),primary(sixyears)andgeneralsecondaryeducation(withthreeyears’juniorandthreeyears’seniormiddleschooling).
Vocationaleducationconsistsmainlyofeducationprovidedbysecondaryspecializedschools,secondarytechnicalschools,secondaryvocationalschoolsandpost-secondaryvocationalandpolytechnicschools,includingvariousformsofshort-termvocationalandtechnicaltrainingprograms.
Ordinaryhighereducationreferstojuniorcollege,bachelor’s(学士),master’s(硕士研究生),anddoctoral(博士研究生)degreeprograms.Juniorcollegeprogramsusuallylasttwotothreeyears,bachelor’sprograms,fouryears(fiveyearsformedicalandsomeengineeringandtechnicalprograms);master’sprograms,twotothreeyears;anddoctoralprograms,threeyears.
Adulteducationincludesliteracyclasses(扫盲班),schooleducation,andotherprogramsdevisedforadults.
Internationalexchangeandcooperation
Internationalexchangeandcooperationsince1978hasstimulated(刺激)educationreformanddevelopmentinChinaandpromoted(提升)themutual(相互的)understandingandfriendshipbetweenChinaandothercountries.
Educationtowardsthe21stcentury
Essential-Quality-OrientedEducation基本素质教育
High-LevelCreativeTalentDevelopmentProject高水平创造性人才发展工程
ModernDistanceEducationandLifelongLearning现代远程教育和终身学习
Moderndistanceeducationisanewtypeofeducationthathadcomeintobeingwiththedevelopmentofmoderninformationtechnology.Itisamajormeansofbuildingupalifelonglearningsystemtomeettheneedsofpeoplelivinginaneraofknowledgeeconomy.
Ourschoolisakeyschoolwithover2000studentsandabout200teachers.Mostoftheteachersgraduatedfromteachers’collegesoruniversities.Thestudentsarethebestonesfromprimaryschoolsofourcity.Ourschoolsubjectsarepolitics,Chinese,English,maths,physics,chemistry,history,geographyveryimportantsubjectsintheuniversityentranceexamination.
Thereisalargeandmodernlibrarywithlotsofbooksinourschool.Nowwehaveanewplayground.Afterclass,thestudentshaveallkindsofsportsandgamesthere.
SchoolsintheU.S.
IntheUnitedStates,boysandgirlsstartschoolwhentheyarefiveyearsold.Insomestatestheymuststayinschooluntiltheyaresixteen.Moststudentsareseventeenoreighteenyearsoldwhentheyfinishsecondaryschool.Anothernameforsecondaryschoolishighschool.
Mostchildrengotopublicelementaryandsecondaryschools.Theparentsofpublicschoolpupilsdonothavetopaydirectlyfortheirchildren’sschoolingbecausetaxmoneysupportsthepublicschools.Ifachildgoestoaprivateschool,hisparentspaytheschool.
Todayabouthalfofthehighschoolstudentsgoontocollegesanduniversitiesaftertheyfinishhighschool.Somecollegesanduniversitiesreceivetaxmoneyfromthegovernment.Astudentatastateuniversitydoesnothavetopayverymuchifhisparentsliveinthatstate.Privatecollegesanduniversitiesareexpensive,however.AlmosthalfofthecollegestudentsintheUnitedStatesworkwhiletheyarestudying.Whenastudent’sfamilyisnotrich,hehastomakemoneyforpartofhiscollegeexpense.
ClassesatAmericanCollege
TheyearatanAmericancollegeisdividedinto2semestersor3quarters.Semestersare15weeks;quartersare10weeks.AmericancollegestudentsusuallyattendschoolfromSeptembertoMay.Occasionallytheiracademicpursuitsenterintothesummer.
Studentschoosetheirclassesafewweekspriortothestartofeachterm.Universitiesofferagreatmanyclassesinthestudents’mainareaofstudyandinotherareasaswell.Studentsmusttakeboth.Theseincludescience,mathematics,computer,historyandEnglish.Otherclassesmaybejustforfun,likedance,theaterorsports.Testsusuallyaregiveninthemiddleofthetermandattheend.Thefinalexaminationsareextremelyimportant.Insomeclasses,theprofessorasksthestudentstowritearesearchpaperorcompleteacertaintaskinsteadoftakingatest.
Classesusuallyareorganizedthroughlectures.Forexample,astudentmayattend2or3lecturesaweekbytheprofessor.Asmanyasseveralhundredstudentssitateachlecture.Sometimestheyalsoattendasmallerclasstoaskquestionsanddiscusswhattheprofessorsays.Thesesmallclassesaretaughtbyprofessor’sassistants.Inscienceclasses,studentsalsohavealonglaboratoryclasseachweek.
WhatdoAmericanstudentsstudentatcollege?
TheUSDepartmentofEducationsaysthemostpopularareaofstudyissciencesandmanagement.Nextissocialscience,whichencompasseshistory,sociology,literature,publicrelationsandpoliticalscience.Englishisanotherpopularfieldofstudy.Thencomescomputerscienceandhealthandlifescienceslikebiology,chemistryandphysics.Educationispopular,too.ForeignlanguagesarenotpopularasamainareaofstudyamongAmericancollegestudents.However,studentsatmanycollegesmuststudyalanguageotherthanEnglishbeforetheycangraduate.ThemostpopularforeignlanguageisSpanish,followedbyFrenchandGerman.
SchoolsintheU.S.
IntheUnitedStates,boysandgirlsstartschoolwhentheyarefiveyearsold.Insomestatestheymuststayinschooluntiltheyaresixteen.Moststudentsareseventeenoreighteenyearsoldwhentheyfinishsecondaryschool.Anothernameforsecondaryschoolishighschool.
Mostchildrengotopublicelementaryandsecondaryschools.Theparentsofpublicschoolpupilsdonothavetopaydirectlyfortheirchildren’sschoolingbecausetaxmoneysupportsthepublicschools.Ifachildgoestoaprivateschool,hisparentspaytheschool.
Todayabouthalfofthehighschoolstudentsgoontocollegesanduniversitiesaftertheyfinishhighschool.Somecollegesanduniversitiesreceivetaxmoneyfromthegovernment.Astudentatastateuniversitydoesnothavetopayverymuchifhisparentsliveinthatstate.Privatecollegesanduniversitiesareexpensive,however.AlmosthalfofthecollegestudentsintheUnitedStatesworkwhiletheyarestudying.Whenastudent’sfamilyisnotrich,hehastomakemoneyforpartofhiscollegeexpenses.
TheRelationshipBetweenStudentandTeacherintheU.S.
TherelationshipbetweenstudentandteacherislessformalintheU.S.thaninmanyothercountries,especiallyatthecollegelevel.Americancollegestudentsdonotstandupwhentheirteachercomesintotheroom.Studentsaregenerallyencouragedtoaskquestionsduringclass,togototheprofessor’sofficeforhelpafterclass,andtophoneifthey’reabsentandneedhelpintheirlessons.Mostteachersallowstudentstoenterclasslateorleaveearly,ifnecessary.
However,studentsarestillexpectedtobepolitetotheirteacherandclassmates.Whenstudentswanttoaskquestions,theyusuallyraiseahandandwait.Butifaprofessorisgivingaformallecture,thatisthewrongtimetoaskaquestion.Whentheteacherorastudentisspeakingtotheclass,it’srudetotalktoanotherclassmate,eventhoughinlowvoice.Whenatestisbeinggiven,talkingtoaclassmateisnotonlyrudebutalsorisky.IntheeyesofmostAmericanteachers,studentswhoaretalkingtoeachotherduringatestarecheating.
Nationalcustoms
Chinesetraditionalfestivals
TheSpringFestival
TheLanternFestival
ThePureBrightnessFestival(TheTomb-sweepingFestival)
TheDoubleFifthFestival(Dragon-boatFestival)
TheMoonFestival(Mid-autumnFestival)
TheDoubleNinthFestival
TheWinterSlosticeFestival
TheWater-sprinklingFestival
ArmyDay
NationalDay
WesternDays
NewYear’sDay
ChristmasDay
ThanksgivingDay
AprilFools’Day
EasterDay
St.Valentine’sDay
Carnival
AllSaints’Day(Hallowmas)
FastDay
Father’sDay
Mother’sDay
Thespringfestival
AccordingtotheChineselunarcalendar,theSpringFestivalfallsonthefirstdayofthefirstmonth,whichmarksthebeginningofanewyear.Itisatimeforfamilyreunion.Inmostcases,justafewdaysbeforethefamilyfestival,ifpossible,mostofthefamilymemberscomehome,nomatterwheretheyare.AndliketheChristmasseason,peoplebuyalotofthings:
food,gifts,clothingandfireworksforchildren.OntheNewYear’seve,mostofthefamiliesinthecountrysidestillkeepthecustomsofpastingpaintingsofdoorgodsonthetwodoorsandcoupletsoneithersideofthedoors.TheyputtheChinesecharactermeaning“happiness”upsidedownandpasteitonwallsanddoorsofthefurnituretomean“happinesshascome.”FeastdinnerisamustforthewholefamilyontheNewYear’seve,whenallthefamilymemberssitatoneormoretables.Dinnerseatswillbearrangedfortheabsentmembersasiftheywerealsojoiningthedinner.Afterdinner,theysittogetherwaitingforthecomingoftheNewYear,usuallybywatchingtheCCTVspecialprogramforSpringFestival.Atmidnightwhenitisneartheendoftheprogram,everyfamilygoesouttosetofffirecrackers,whichissaidtodriveevilsaway.BreakfastfortheNewYear’sDayisspecial,jiaoziforthoseinNo
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