层次分析法文献翻译.docx
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层次分析法文献翻译.docx
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层次分析法文献翻译
层次分析法---文献翻译
888大学
毕业设计(论文)文献翻译
题目层次分析法院、系(部)计算机科学与技术学院专业及班级计科0903班姓名888指导教师888日期2013年3月
AnalyticHierarchyProcess
TheAnalyticHierarchyProcess(AHP)isastructuredtechniqueforhelping
peopledealwithcomplexdecisions.Ratherthanprescribinga"correct"decision,theAHPhelpspeopletodetermineonethatsuitstheirneedsandwants.Basedonmathematicsandpsychology,itwasdevelopedbyThomasL.Saatyinthe1970sandhasbeenextensivelystudiedandrefinedsincethen.TheAHPprovidesacomprehensiveandrationalframeworkforstructuringaproblem,forrepresentingandquantifyingitselements,forrelatingthoseelementstooverallgoals,andforevaluatingalternativesolutions.Itisusedthroughouttheworldinawidevarietyofdecisionsituations,infieldssuchasgovernment,business,industry,healthcare,andeducation.
Severalfirmssupplycomputersoftwaretoassistinusingtheprocess.
UsersoftheAHPfirstdecomposetheirdecisionproblemintoahierarchyofmoreeasilycomprehendedsub-problems,eachofwhichcanbeanalyzedindependently.Theelementsofthehierarchycanrelatetoanyaspectofthedecisionproblem—tangibleorintangible,carefullymeasuredorroughlyestimated,well-orpoorly-understood—anythingatallthatappliestothedecisionathand.
Oncethehierarchyisbuilt,thedecisionmakerssystematicallyevaluateitsvariouselements,comparingthemtooneanotherinpairs.Inmakingthecomparisons,thedecisionmakerscanuseconcretedataabouttheelements,ortheycanusetheirjudgmentsabouttheelements'relativemeaningandimportance.ItistheessenceoftheAHPthathumanjudgments,andnotjusttheunderlyinginformation,canbeusedinperformingtheevaluations.
TheAHPconvertstheseevaluationstonumericalvaluesthatcanbeprocessedandcomparedovertheentirerangeoftheproblem.Anumericalweightorpriorityisderivedforeachelementofthehierarchy,allowingdiverseandoftenincommensurableelementstobecomparedtooneanotherinarationalandconsistentway.ThiscapabilitydistinguishestheAHPfromotherdecisionmakingtechniques.
Inthefinalstepoftheprocess,numericalprioritiesarederivedforeachofthedecisionalternatives.Sincethesenumbersrepresentthealternatives'relativeabilitytoachievethedecisiongoal,theyallowastraightforwardconsiderationofthevariouscoursesofaction.
Usesandapplications
Whileitcanbeusedbyindividualsworkingonstraightforwarddecisions,AnalyticHierarchyProcess(AHP)ismostusefulwhereteamsofpeopleareworkingoncomplexproblems,especiallythosewithhighstakes,involvinghumanperceptions
andjudgments,whoseresolutionshavelong-termrepercussions.Ithasuniqueadvantageswhereimportantelementsofthedecisionaredifficulttoquantifyorcompare,orwherecommunicationamongteammembersisimpededbytheirdifferentspecializations,terminologies,orperspectives.
DecisionsituationstowhichtheAHPcanbeappliedinclude:
Choice-Theselectionofonealternativefromagivensetofalternatives,
usuallywheretherearemultipledecisioncriteriainvolved.
Ranking-Puttingasetofalternativesinorderfrommosttoleast
desirablePrioritization-Determiningtherelativemeritofasetof
alternatives,asopposedtoselectingasingleoneormerelyranking
them
Resourceallocation-Apportioningresourcesamongasetofalternatives
Benchmarking-Comparingtheprocessesinone'sownorganizationwith
thoseofotherbest-of-breedorganizations
Qualitymanagement-Dealingwiththemultidimensionalaspectsof
qualityandqualityimprovement
TheapplicationsofAHPtocomplexdecisionsituationshavenumberedinthethousands,andhaveproducedextensiveresultsinproblemsinvolvingplanning,Resourceallocation,prioritysetting,andselectionamongalternatives.Otherareashaveincludedforecasting,toreotalqualitymanagement,businessprocessre-engineering,qualityfunctiondeployment,andtheBalancedScorecard.Many
AHPapplicationsareneverreportedtotheworldatlarge,becausetheytakeplaceathighlevelsoflargeorganizationswheresecurityandprivacyconsiderationsprohibittheirdisclosure.ButsomeusesofAHParediscussedintheliterature.Recentlythese
haveincluded:
Decidinghowbesttoreducetheimpactofglobalclimatechange
(FondazioneEniEnricoMattei)
Quantifyingtheoverallqualityofsoftwaresystem(Microsoft
corporation)
Selectinguniversityfaculty(BloomsburgUniversityofPennsy)
Decidingwheretolocateoffshoremanufacturingplants(Universityof
Cambridge)
Assessingriskinoperatingcross-countryprtroleumpipelines(American
SocietyofCivilEngineers)
DecidinghowbesttomanageU.S.watersheds(U.S.Departmentof
Agriculture)
AHPissometimesusedindesigninghighlyspecificproceduresforparticularsituations,suchastheratingofbuildingsbyhistoricsignificance.Itwasrecentlyappliedtoaprojectthatusesvideofootagetoassesstheconditionofhighwaysin
Virginia.Highwayengineersfirstusedittodeterminetheoptimumscopeoftheproject,thentojustifyitsbudgettolawmakers.
AHPiswidelyusedincountriesaroundtheworld.AtarecentinternationalconferenceonAHP,over90paperswerepresentedfrom19countries,includingtheU.S.,Germany,Japan,Chile,Malaysia,andNepal.TopicscoveredrangedfromEstablishingPaymentStandardsforSurgicalSpecialists,toStrategicTechnology
Roadmapping,toInfrastructureReconstructioninDevastatedCountries.AHPwas
introducedinChinain1982,anditsuseinthatcountryhasexpandedgreatlysincethen—itsmethodsarehighlycompatiblewiththetraditionalChinesedecisionmakingframework,andithasbeenusedformanydecisionsinthefields
ofeconomics,energy,management,environment,traffic,agriculture,industry,andthemilitary.
ThoughusingAHPrequiresnospecializedacademictrainning,thesubjectiswidelytaughtattheuniversitylevel—oneAHPsoftwareproviderlistsoverahundred
collegesanduniversitiesamongitsclients.AHPisconsideredanimportantsubjectinmanyinstitutionsofhigherlearning,includingschoolsofengineeringandGraduateschoolofBusiness.AHPisalsoanimportantsubjectinthequalityfield,andistaughtinmanyspecializedcoursesincludingSixSigma,LeanSixSigma,andQFD.
InChina,nearlyahundredschoolsoffercoursesinAHP,andmanydoctoralstudentschooseAHPasthesubjectoftheirresearchanddissertations.Over900papershavebeenpublishedonthesubjectinthatcountry,andthereisatleastoneChinesescholarlyjournaldevotedexclusivelytoAHP.
Implementation
Ascanbeseenintheexamplesthatfollow,usingtheAHPinvolvesthemathematicalsynthesisofnumerousjudgmentsaboutthedecisionproblemathand.Itisnotuncommonforthesejudgmentstonumberinthedozensoreventhehundreds.Whilethemathcanbedonebyhandorwithacalculator,itisfarmorecommontouseoneofseveralcomputerizedmethodsforenteringandsynthesizingthejudgments.Thesimplestoftheseinvolvestandardspreadsheetsoftware,whilethemostcomplexusecustomsoftware,oftenaugmentedbyspecialdevicesforacquiringthejudgments
ofdecisionmakersgatheredinameetingroom.
Stepsinusingtheprocess
TheprocedureforusingtheAHPcanbesummarizedas:
1.Modeltheproblemasahierarchycontainingthedecisiongoal,thealternatives
forreachingit,andthecriteriaforevaluatingthealternatives.
2.Establishprioritiesamongtheelementsofthehierarchybymakingaseriesof
judgmentsbasedonpairwisecomparisonsoftheelements.Forexample,when
comparingpotentialreal-estatepurchases,theinvestorsmightsaytheyprefer
locationoverpriceandpriceovertiming.
3.Synthesizethesejudgmentstoyieldasetofoverallprioritiesforthehierarchy.
Thiswouldcombinetheinvestors'judgmentsaboutlocation,priceandtiming
forpropertiesA,B,C,andDintooverallprioritiesforeachproperty.
4.Checktheconsistencyofthejudgments.
5.Cometoafinaldecisionbasedontheresultsofthisprocess.
Criticisms
TheAHPisnowincludedinmostoperationsresearchandmanagementsciencetextbooks,andistaughtinnumerousuniversities;itisusedextensivelyinorganizationsthathavecarefullyinvestigateditstheoreticalunderpinnings.Whilethegeneralconsensusisthatitisbothtechnicallyvalidandpracticallyuseful,themethoddoeshaveitscritics.
Intheearly1990saseriesofdebatesbetweencriticsandproponentsofAHPwaspublishedinManagementScienceandTheJournaloftheOperationalResearch
Society.ThesedebatesseemtohavebeensettledinfavorofAHP.
Occasionalcriticismsstillappear.A1997paperexaminedpossibleflawsintheverbal(vs.numerical)scaleoftenusedinAHPpairwisecomparisons.AnotherfromthesameyearclaimedthatinnocuouschangestotheAHPmodelcanintroduceorderwherenoorderexists.A2006paperfoundthattheadditionofcriteriaforwhichallalternativesperformequallycanaltertheprioritiesofalternatives.Anin-depthpaperdiscussingtheacademiccriticismsofAHPwaspublishedinOperationsResearchin
2001.
Mostofthecriticismsinvolveaphenomenoncalledrankreversal,discussedin
thefollowingsection.
Rankreversal
Manypeoplehearaboutrankreversalandassumethatthereissomesortofprovenprincipleaboutitthatneedstobeupheldinmakingdecisions.ThatassumptionhasledtomuchmisunderstandingofAHPandotherdecisionmakingtechniques.Inactuality,rankreversalisacomplexmatteraboutwhichtherearemanyconflictingideasandopinions.Thissectionoffersasimplifiedexplanatio
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