外文翻译储氢的风力涡轮机水塔.docx
- 文档编号:15044302
- 上传时间:2023-06-29
- 格式:DOCX
- 页数:14
- 大小:29.94KB
外文翻译储氢的风力涡轮机水塔.docx
《外文翻译储氢的风力涡轮机水塔.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《外文翻译储氢的风力涡轮机水塔.docx(14页珍藏版)》请在冰点文库上搜索。
外文翻译储氢的风力涡轮机水塔
外文翻译
Hydorgenstorageinwindturbinetowers
InternationalJournalofHydrogenEnergy29(2004)1277–1288RyanKottenstettea,JasonCotrellb;aSummerinternfromSantaClaraUniversity,1235MonroeSt,SantaClara,CA95050,USANationalWindTechnologyCentre,NationalRenewableEnergyLaboratory,1614ColeBlvd,Golden,CO80401,USAReceived18November2003;accepted15December2003
Abstract:
Modernutility-scalewindturbinetowersaretypicallyconicalsteelhydrogeninwhatwehavetermedahydrogentower.Thispaperexaminespotentialtechnicalbarrierstothistechnologyandidenti4esaminimumcostdesign.Wediscoveredthathydrogentowershavea“crossoverpressure”atwhichthecriticalmodeoffailurecrossesoverfromfatiguetobursting.Thecrossoverpressureformanyturbinetowersisbetween1.0and1:
5mPa(approximately10–15atm)Thehydrogentowerdesignresultingintheleastexpensivehydrogenstorageusesalloftheavailablevolumeforstorageandisdesignedatitscrossoveranadditional$83,000beyondthecostoftheconventionaltower)andwouldstore940kgofhydrogenat1:
1mPaofpressure.Theresultingincrementalstoragecostof$88/kgisapproximately30%ofthatforconventionalpressurevessels.PublishedbyElsevierLtdonbehalfoftheInternationalAssociationforHydrogenEnergy.
Keywords:
Windturbine;Tower;Hydrogen;Storage;Pressurevessel
1.Introduction
Low-costhydrogenstorageisrecognizedasacornerstoneofarenewables-hydrogeneconomy.Modernutility-scalewindturbinetowersaretypicallyconicalsteelstructuresthat,inadditiontosupportingthenacelle,couldbeusedtostoregaseoushydrogen.Wehavecoinedthephrasehydrogentowertodescribethistechnology.Duringhours,electrolyzerscoulduseenergyfromthewindturbinesorthegridtogeneratehydrogenandstoreitinturbinetowers.Therearemanypotentialusesforthisstoredfuel.Thestoredhydrogencouldlaterbeusedtogenerateelectricityviaafuelcellduringtimesofpeakdemand.Thiscapacityforenergystoragecouldsigni4cantlymitigatethedrawbackstotheAuctuatingnatureofthewindandprovideacostectivemeansofmeetingpeakdemand.Alternatively,thehydrogencouldbeusedforfuelcellvehiclesortransmittedtogaseoushydrogenpipelines.Storinghydrogeninawindturbinetowerappearstohavebeen4rstsuggestedbyLeeJayFingershattheNationalRenewableEnergyLaboratoryAnextensionofthehydrogentowerideaistostorehydrogeninshorewindturbinetowersandposiblyevenfoundations.shorefoundationsareoftenmonopileswhichcouldpotentiallyprovidelargeamountsofstoragewithoutectingthepositioningladder,andpowerelectronics.AsimilarideaforgeneratingandstoringhydrogeninthebaseofaAoatingshorewindturbinewasproposedbyWilliamHeronemusinthe1970sHowever,thisstudyfocusesontheeconomicsanddesignofonshorehydrogentowers.Theobjectivesofthispaperareasfollows:
(1)Identifytheparamountconsiderationsassociatedwithusingawindturbinetowerforhydrogenstorage.
(2)Proposeandanalyzeacostectivedesignforahydrogentower.03603199/$30.00PublishedbyElsevierLtdonbehalfoftheInternationalAssociationforHydrogenEnergy.
(3)Comparethecostofstorageinhydrogentowerstothecostofhydrogendtoragestorageinconwentionalpressurevessels
Therearemanycompetitivemethodsofstoringhydrogensuchasliquidhydrogenstorage,undergroundgeologicstorage,andtransmissionpipelinestorage.However,acomparisonwasmadeonlytoonestoragetechnologytolimitthescopeofthisstudy.Conventionalpressurevesseltech-nologywaschosenbecauseitisthemostwidelyavailableofthetechnologiesandthemethodmostlikelytobeusedforthemoderateamountsofhydrogenstorageconsideredinthisstudy.Thisstudyengagestheseobjectiveswithinthewiderwind-hydrogensystem,Variousbalanceofstationcostssuchastransportation,licensing,andpipingarethereforeoutsidethescopeofthisreport.Thispaperoutlinestheassumptionsmadeduringthisstudy,outlinesprimaryconsiderationsassociatedwithahydrogentower,highlightsdesigncharacteristicsofahydro-gentower,presentsseveralconceptualdesigns,andassessesthefeasibilityoftheconceptbasedoncomparisonstocon-ventionaltowersandpressurevessels
2.Benchmarksandassumptions
2.1.Hydrogengeneration
Thisstudyassumeselectrolyzersgeneratethehydrogentobestoredinthehydrogentowers.Aswilllaterbedemonstrated,themosteconomicalpressuresforstorageinhydrogentowersarebelow1:
5mPa.Thisstudyassumesthatprotonexchangemembrane(PME)andhigh-pressurealkalineelectrolyzerscanproducehtdrogenuptothispressurewithouttheuseofanadditionalcompressor
2.2.Conventionaltowers
Wechosetousethe1.5-MWtowermodelspeci4edintheWindPACTAdvancedWindTurbineDesignsStudyasourbaselineconventionaltowerThistowerwasmodeledafteraconventionaltowerbuiltfromfourtapered,tubular,steelsectionswhichareboltedtogether.Conventionaltowersarebuiltbyweldingtogethercylingenerallydecreaseinstepsasthetowertaperstosmallerdiametersathigherelevations.Forsimplicity,theWindPACTtowermodelinsteadassumesthewallthicknesstapersinasmoothlinearfashion.Themodelassumesaconstanttowerdiameter/wallthickness(d=t)ratioof320.Inordertosavematerialcosts,ahighdtratioisdesirable.However,forratiosabove320,towersbecomesubjecttolocalwallbuck-lingproblems.Additionalassumptionsregardingthetowerarethatthediameteratthetopisconstrainedtobeatleast1=2ofthebasediameter;thesteelusedforthetowerwallshasayieldstrengthof350mPa(about50ksi);andthecostofthetoweris$1.50/kg[3].Forthepurposesofthisstudy,othercostswereincluded,suchasapersonnelladder($10/ft),andatoweraccessdoor($20004xedcost).ThemodeledtowerisshowninFig.1withatabulationofcriticalvalueslistedinTable1.
2.3.Conventionalpressurevessels
Industrialpressurevesselsfornoncorrosivegasesareof-tenbuiltofcarbonsteelsimilartothatusedinwindturbinetowerconstruction.Althoughthemosteconomicalpressurevesselgeometryislongandslender,vesselsareoftenlimitedbyshippingconstraintstoapracticallengthofabout25m.Thislengthlimitationmeansthatinordertobetterdistributethehigh4xedcostsassociatedwith4ttingsandmanways,pressurevesselsaredesignedwithrelativelylargediametersandhighpressureratings.Althoughhigherpressuresreducethecostperkgofstoredgas,higherpressuresInthispaper,storagedevicesareoftencomparedbasedonacost/massratio.Thisratioisthecost(indollars)ofastoragedevicedividedbythemassofdeliverablehydrogengasstored.Thecost/massratioisusedbecauseitismoreconvenientthanthecommonpracticeofcitingavolumetriccapacityandapressureratingforeachstoragedevice.Useofthecost/massratiodoes,however,makethegivenvaluesaccurateonlyforhydrogenstorage.Deliverablehydrogenistheamountofhydrogeninthestoragereservoirthatcanbeextractedduringthenormaloperationofthestoragefacility.Inpressurevessels,acertainamountofgasisrequiredtopro-videacushion.Thisisthevolumeofgasthatmustremaininthestoragefacilitytoprovidetherequiredpressurizationtoextracttheremaininggas.Insomescenarios,suchasundergroundstorage,thevolumeofinaccessiblegascanbesigncosttoInthisstudy,theectofthiscushiongasisneglectedwhencomputingthestoregaseoushydrogenbecauseitissmallwhencomparedtootherstorage-relatedcosts.Inaddition,thisstudymodelshydrogenasanidealgas.Thisapproximationissulcientlyaccurateforthelowtemperaturesandpressuresconsideredinthisstudy.
3.Hydrogentowerconsiderations
Hydrogenstoragecreatesanumberofadditionalconsiderationsinwindturbinetowerdesign.Acceleratedat-mosphericcorrosiononthetowerinteriorandhydrogenembrittlementmayadverselyaectthetower’sductility,yieldstrength,andfatiguelife.Additionally,storinghydrogenatpressuresigni4cantlyincreasesthestressesonthetower.Therefore,wallreinforcementwilllikelyberequired.Astructuralanalysisisrequiredtoevaluatehowinternalpressuremaythetower’sdesignlife.
3.1.Corrosion
Bothatmosphericcorrosionandhydrogenembrittlementwillecttheinteriorofahydrogentower.Conventionalwindturbinetowersareprotectedinternallyandexternallyfromatmosphericcorrosionbypaint.Whenatowerisusedtostoreapressurizedgas,however,itbecomessubjecttotheguidelinessetforthintheAmericanSocietyofMechanicalEngineers(ASME)BoilerandPressureVesselCode.Thecodestatesthatpaintisnotanadequateformofprotectionfortheinteriorofpressurevessels.Enoughmaterialmustthereforebeaddedtoanticipateatmosphericcorrosion.Fortunately,theinteriorofahydrogentowerisacontrolledenvironment.HydrogenfromaPEMelectrolyzerdoesnotcontaincontaminantsthatcauseatmosphericcorrosion(ofprimaryconcernaresulfurdioxideandchlorine).
Theproducthydrogen(whichwouldbefullysaturatedwithwatervapor)couldbedriedtobelowthecriticalhumiditylevel(lessthan80%relativehumidity)atminimalcost.Undertheseconditions,atmosphericcorrosionwouldpenetratethesteel’ssurfaceatthenegligiblerateoflessthan0.01mperyear
3.2.Hydrogenattack
OneofthetwoprimarymodesofcorrosionfailurewhensteelisexposedtoahydrogenenvironmentishydrogenattackAlthoughsomesourcesdonotdistinguishhydrogenattackfromhydrogenembrittlement(HE),othersourcesdistinguishthembytheirdieringresponses
- 配套讲稿:
如PPT文件的首页显示word图标,表示该PPT已包含配套word讲稿。双击word图标可打开word文档。
- 特殊限制:
部分文档作品中含有的国旗、国徽等图片,仅作为作品整体效果示例展示,禁止商用。设计者仅对作品中独创性部分享有著作权。
- 关 键 词:
- 外文 翻译 风力 涡轮机 水塔