论文3.docx
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论文3.docx
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论文3
GenderDifferenceofLanguageContext
I.Introduction
Fromoverseasresearchonlanguagesexism,itiseasytoseethatlanguagesexismiscomposedofthreeaspectsincludingsexualdiscriminationinlanguage,genderdifferencesinlanguageandthereasonsthatcausetheabovetwokindsofphenomena.D.Bollingermaderelativelygreatcontributionontheresearchaboutsexualdiscriminationinlanguageandhehadmanyworksthatwonhisgoodreputationinthisfield.Forexample,“AspectofLanguage”(1968)and“Language,theLoadedWeapon”(1980).China'sresearchinthisfieldisrelativelyyoungandcanbeclassifiedintothefollowingclasses.
1)Someworksprobingintolanguagesexism.Forexample,YeChehengandXuTongqiang’s“OutlineofLinguistics”(1983);HenYuan’s“Sociallinguistics”and“LanguageandLife”,etc.
2)Generalandintroductivearticles.Forinstance,“LanguageandSex”andYanJun’s“SexualDiscriminationinlanguage”.
3)SomearticlesaboutsexualdiscriminationanddifferencesinChineselanguage.Forexample,SunRujian’s“SexandLanguage”,whichmadepreciousresearchinthisfieldandfurtheranalyzedthesexuallanguagedifferencesfromtheviewofsocialPsychology.
Intheory,sexualdiscriminationholdsdiscriminationtowardsboththemaleandthefemale,butsocietyhasmorediscriminationtowardsfemale.
1)Languagesetsstandardswithfemalelanguageasavariation.Forexample,Englishhasmanynounsforfemales,whichvariesfrommale’snamesbyaddingsuffixes,suchasactorandactress;heroandheroine,waiterandwaitress,etc.
2)Therearemorefemalewordsthanmalewords.AccordingtoGroddolandSwann,thereare220femalewordsandonly20malewordsinNorthAmericanEnglish.
3)Malecomesfirstinwordorder.Forexample,Mr.andMrs.Smith;fatherandmother;manandwoman;husbandandwife;maleandfemale;boysandgirls,etc.
Humanlanguagevariesinrealityowingtolanguagecontextanditisnaturaltoformdifferentlanguagestylesthatadapttodifferentcontext.Languageexistsincomplexsocialculture.Itmusthavecomplicatedvariations.Thispapertriestoanalyzethepresentsituationandmajortheoriesoflanguagesexismandmakesresearchondifferentexplanationsofsexualdifferencesinlanguagestyles,andsuggestsapproachesforsexuallanguagestudy.
II.TheAnalysisoftheReasonsThatCausetheSexual
DifferencesinLanguage
Manylinguistshavemadedeepresearchondifferentpeopleaboutlanguagedifferencesbetweenthetwosexes.Theyhaveanalyzedthephenomenonofsexualdifferenceinlanguage,aswellasinoralcommunication.Theyfoundthatthereasonsinthefollowingaspects:
2.1Societyhasdifferentexpectationsanddemandsformaleand
female’sbehavior(languagebehavior)
Aswomancannotbecomparedwithmenfortheirweakerenergy,maleandfemalehavedifferentjobstodo.Inanycountry,anationoraculture,peoplehaveformeditsideologyandmodelstoviewmenandwomen’sroleandbehavior.Forexample,peopleareusedtothenotionthatwomenareconsiderate,gentle,politeandamiable,whilemenaredecisiveandhard-working.Sofemalelanguageismodestandhospitablewhilemalelanguageisconceitedandrude.Sexismistheuseoflanguagethatdevaluesmembersofonesex,ofteninvariablywomen,fosteringgenderinequality.Sexismcanbegeneralizedasasubtypeofessentialism,anditcanbepartitionedasconsistingofsexismagainstthefemalesex,sexismagainstthemalesex,sexismagainsttheinter-sex(hermaphroditeandpseudo-hermaphrodite),andsexismagainstthetrans-sex(trans-maleandtrans-female).Eachtypeofsexismhasitsownhistoryandformofintolerancetocounter.Certainformsofsexualdiscriminationareillegalinmanycountries,butnearlyallcountrieshavelawsthatgivespecialrights,privileges,orresponsibilitiestoonesexortwosexes.
2.1.1Sexismagainstfemales
Sexualagainstfemalesinitsextremeformisknownas“misogyny”whichmeans“hatredoffemales”.Thetermsexism,incommonusageusuallyimplies“sexismagainstfemale”,sincethisisthefirstformofsexismthathasbeencommonlyidentified.Thisformofsexismisalsooftencalledchauvinism,thoughchauvinismisactuallyawidertermforanyextremeandunreasoningpartisanshipwithmaliceandhatredtowardsarivalgroup.Amildlyrelatedtermis“gynophobia”,whichreferstothefearsoffemalesorfelinity.
Historically,inmanypatriarchalsocieties,femalewereviewedasthe“weakersex”.Thecombinationofhostileandsubjectivelybenevolent(butpatronizing)attitudestowardswomanisknownasambivalentsexism,whichhasitsoriginsinthefactthatwhilewomenhavelowerstatusthanmen,Heterosexualmendependonwomenaswives,mothers,andlovers.Women’slowerstatusisevidentincasesinwhichfemaleswerenotevenrecognizedas“people”underthelawoftheland.Thefeministmovementpromoteswomen’srightstostopsexismagainstfemalesbyaddressingissues,suchasequalityunderthelaw,politicalrepresentationoffemales,accesstoeducationandemployment,femalevictimsofdomesticviolence,andself-ownershipofthefemalebody.
2.1.2Sexismagainstmales
Sexismagainstmalesinitsextremeformisknownas“misandry”,whichmeans“hatredofmales”.Sincethisisthesecondformofsexismthathasbeencommonlyidentified,itisoftenknownas“reversesexism”.Amildlyrelatedtermis“androphobia”,whichreferstothefearofmalesormasculinity.Whiletheviewthatthewomenaresuperiortomenisalsosexism,onlyinrecentyearshassuchawarenessbeguntodevelopinpubliceyes.
Somecriticsandanalysts,suchasChristinaHoffSomers,havechargedthatlargesegmentsofthemodemfeministmovements,suchasradicalfeminism,differentfeminism,andseparatistfeminism,havedeviatedfromtheoriginalgoalsoffeminism(creatingequalityforwomen),andhaveinsteadfocusedontheadvancementoffemalepoweranddominancethroughsuppressingandspreadingmisandristviewsaboutmen.Anothersourceofsexismisthe“oldpatriarchy”and“oldmatriarchy”,whichhashistoricallyrestrictedandlimitedtheroleofmalesinotherpartsofsocietyandhaslookeddownuponmalehomemakers.
2.1.3Sexismagainstintersexes
Sexismagainstintersexeshasonlybeenrecentlyidentified.Historically,mostcultures(withafewexceptions)holdthatmalesandfemalesareseparateanddistinctentitieswithseparategenderrolesandresponsibilities.
Infantsthatarebornwithboth(orwithambiguous)sexualcharacteristicsareeitherkilledorhaveoneoftheirsexualcharacteristicssurgicallyremoved.Theunnecessarysurgeryhasoftenbeencarriedoutwithouttheknowledgeorconsentoftheparentsandsomeviewthisas“genitalmutilation”andcriticizetheperceivedneedbymodernwesternmedicineto“correct”theoccurrencesofinter-sexualitywhichisjustanaturalprobability.‘Inter-sexuality’referstotheconditionofbeinginter-sexed.Frombirth,inter-sexedindividualsareneitherinthemaleboxorthefemaleboxandtheclassificationusedbymostpoliciesandlawsofgovernmentfailstoreflectthis.Inter-sexedpeoplearealsooftenthetargetsofhatecrimessincethetraditionalnotionofmaleandfemaleisperceivedtobethreatenedbytheexistenceoftypicalsexessuchasTuners,metfemale,Klinefelter,delaChapelle,andSawyerSyndrome.
2.1.4Sexismagainsttrans-sexes
Sexismagainsttrans-sexeshasalsoonlybeenrecentlyidentified,andithasalsoyettoenterintothepublicattentiontraditionally,trans-sexesareviewedashavingpsychologicalproblemwith“genderidentitydisorder”.Recentmedicalresearchoftrans-sexedbrains,however,indicatesthatthecompositionoftheidentitysexandnotthecompositionofthebirthsex.Thissupportsthetheorythatthebrainofanindividualcandevelopinadifferentpathfromthegenitaliaofanindividualandthusisbirth-relatedandnotpsychological.Theresearchalsogaverisetotheexpressions“mantrappedinawoman’sbody”and“womantrappedinaman’sbody”.
‘Tran-sexuality’referstotheconditionofbeingselfidentifiedwithoppositesexfrombirth,manywomen-onlyeventsandorganizationshavebeencriticizedforrejectingtrans-females.Similarsituationshaveoccurredformen-onlyeventsandorganizationsforrejectingtrans-males.Trans-sexedpeoplearealsooftenthetargetofhatecrimes,asthetraditionalnotionofmasculinityandfemininityisoftenperceivedtobethreatenedbythosewhohavechosentoadoptadifferentsexlaterinlife.
2.2Menstayatpowerfulstatusinsocialsystemwhilewomenareatpowerlessstatus
Itseemsasifthereisnowcertaininstabilitywithinsexismitself.Feminismseessexismasaclearlydefinedsetofpracticeswhichreflectedaparticularsetofattitudestowardswomen.Infactnowsexismhasarangeofmeaningfordifferentpeople.Thismakessexismmuchmoredifficulttodefine.ItseemsthatsexisminEnglishislargelyindirect,thatis,sexismwhichmanifestitselfatthelevelofpresupposition,andalsothroughinnuendo,ironyandhumor,orwhichisprefacedbydisclaimersorhesitation(Mills,1998).Forexample,intheBritishtelevisionprogramMenBehavingBoldly,thetwocentralmalecharactersusetheterm‘toppotty’torefertowomen.Thisissuchanexaggeratedformofsexismthat,withinthetermoftheprogram,itcannotbeobjectedtoassexistasitisintendedtobehumorousandtongue-in-check.SexismatthelevelofpresuppositionisalsomuchmoredifficulttochallengeasChristine.Christinehasdemonstrated,sinceitisnecessarytomakeoverttheassumptionsuponwhichthesexismisbased,thereasonthisindirectnessis,infactachoice,istomaskthesexismandtogivethespea
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