外文翻译英国需要公法形式的商会吗.docx
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外文翻译英国需要公法形式的商会吗.docx
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外文翻译英国需要公法形式的商会吗
中文3125字
本科毕业设计(论文)
外文翻译
原文:
DoesBritainneedpubliclawstatusChambersofCommerce?
Legalstatus
ThecontrastbetweenprivateandpubliclawstatusisthekeydifferentiatingfactorbetweentheChambersystemsofBritainontheonehand,andFranceandGermanyontheother.DifferinglegalstatusreflectsthecontrastingtraditionsofvoluntarismintheUK,leadingtoabeliefintheprimacyofmarketforcesinthecontextofthebusinesssupportenvironment,andofstateinterventioninFranceandGermany,alliedtobusinesspromotion.TheformertraditionexplainstheexistenceofprivatelawChambersinBritain,withvoluntarymembership,non-statutoryfundingandindependentdeterminationofmissionsandbusinesssupportactivities.Thelatterexplainstheexistenceofpowerful,publiclawChambersinFranceandGermany,withmandatorymembership,substantialstatutoryfundingandamixofstateprescribedandself-determinedactivities.
Advantagesofpubliclawstatus
FrenchandGermanrespondentsdescribedthebenefitsofpubliclawstatusintermsofthefacilitationofpartnershipbetweenbusinessandgovernment,greaterpoliticalinfluenceforbusiness,operationalindependenceandeaseoflong-termplanningforChambers,togetherwithsufficientresourcesforthemtoprovidehighqualityservicesforbusiness.
Disadvantagesofpubliclawstatus
FrenchandGermanrespondentsidentifiedfewweaknessesinthepubliclawsystem.Potentialproblemswere,however,seenintermsofbureaucracy,imageproblemsandlimitstoChambers'independence.UKChamberrespondentsregardedpubliclawstatuswithsuspicion,andconsideredthatitsintroductionmightunderminethevitalityandentrepreneurialcharacterofUKChambers.FortheUKrespondents,thedisadvantagesweregreaterinnumberandincludesubjugationtostatecontrol,theofferoffewerservicestobusiness,theexistenceofpoliticalandbusinessoppositiontopublicstatusintheUK,andthelikelyalienationofpublicstatusChambersfrommemberfirms.
Advantagesofprivatelawstatus
BothUKrespondentsemphasised,instead,theadvantagesofprivatelawstatus,includingtheprincipleofvoluntaryChambermembershipandits“guarantee”ofdejure(Inotdefacto)Chamberindependencefromgovernmentcontrol.However,severalproblemscreatedbyprivatelawstatuswereidentified,includingthetraditionallackofgovernmentsupportforUKChambers,theirlackofpoliticalinfluence,government'sunwillingnesstoconsultthemoverissuesaffectingbusiness,andtheexistenceofdamagingcompetitionfromprivatesectorprovidersinUKChambers'keymarkets.
Disadvantagesofprivatelawstatus
UKrespondentsdidrecognisetheproblemscreatedbyprivatelawstatus,includinglackofpoliticalinfluence,lackofgovernmentsupportand/orconsultation,andcompetitionwithprivatesectorproviders.
Advantagesofcompulsorymembership
RegardingtheissueofChambermembership,FrenchandGermanrespondentstooktheviewthatmandatorymembershipleadstoarangeofbenefits,enablingChamberstoimprovetheirbusinessrepresentationandlegitimacy,promotingtheirfinancialstrengthandallowingthemtoofferabroaderrangeofservices,ofhighquality,supportedbyalargeandwell-qualifiedstaffingestablishment.Arangeofspecificadvantageswereidentified,includingcomprehensivelocalbusinessmembership,balancedrepresentationoflocaleconomicinterests,legitimacyasthevoiceoflocalbusiness,responsivenesstomembers'wishes,Chamberempowermentindealingwiththestate,enhancedlobbyingpower,improvedforwardplanningandenhancedefficiencyandeffectiveness.Guānyúshānghuìhuìyuán,fàguóhédéguóshòufǎngzhědewèntícǎiqǔleqiángzhìxìngdechéngyuánrènwéi,dǎozhìyīxìlièdehǎochù,shǐtāmendeyèwùtíngtígāodàibiǎoxìnghéhéfǎxìng,cùjìntāmendejīngjìshílì,shǐtāmennénggòutígōnggèngguǎngfàndefúwùfànwéi,Gāopǐnzhí,yóudàérhégéderényuánbiānzhìdezhīchí.字典-查看字典详细内容
Disadvantagesofcompulsorymembership
AnumberofproblemswithcompulsorymembershipwereidentifiedbyFrenchandGermanrespondents.TheseincludedlackofgeneralbusinessawarenessofChamberservices,theunderuseofservicesbysomemembers,andconflictsofinterestamongstmembers.Paradoxically,bothabigfirmbiasandaSMEbiaswereputforwardasadisadvantage.UKrespondentssuggestedthatproblemsincludethedangeroflowerresponsivenesstomembers'needs,withChambermembershipbeingvaluedlessbyinvoluntarymembercompanies,andresultingpoorerrelationshipsbetweenChambersandmembers.
Advantagesofnon-statutorymembership
UKrespondentsconsideredthattherewasnoneedforcompulsorymembershiptobeintroducedintotheBritishChambersystem,arguingthattheadvantagesofnon-statutorymembershipwerethatitallowsafocusontheneedsofmembers,ensuresclosenesstothemarketonthepartofChambers,andgoodrelationshipswithmembers.TheysuggestedthatvoluntarymembershipleadsbothtomembercommitmentandtoChamberlegitimacy.
Disadvantagesofnon-statutorymembership
UKrespondentsidentifiednosuchdisadvantages.Incontrast,however,oneGermanrespondentsuggestedthatnon-statutorymembershipactuallyreducesUKChambers'independence,byforcingthemtorelyheavilyongovernmentforfunding,thuscompromisingChambersintheirdealingswiththestateonbehalfofbusinesses.
Fundingarrangements
Advantagesofstatutoryfunding
IntermsofChamberfundingarrangementsFrenchandGermanrespondentstooktheviewthatstatutoryincome,basedoncompulsorysubscriptionsandlocalbusinesstaxlevies,leadstoanumberofadvantagesofChambersandtheirmembers.ForChambers,thisprovidesthemwithastablesecureandreliableincome,largelyfreeofgovernmentcontrol,andsubstantialenoughtofundahighstandardofservicesforlocalbusinessesandotherChamberservices,includinginfrastructureinvestments.Chambersareabletoplanfutureactivitieswithconfidenceandcanavoiddistractionfromcoreactivitiesbytheneedtoraisemoney.Membersalsobenefitfromthestatutoryfundingsystem,throughtheircontrolovertheChambermembershipcostwhichtheyincur,theirabilitytoensurethepaymentsmadearesetatanequitablelevelandthroughtheiraccesstohighqualityservices.
Disadvantagesofstatutoryfunding
FrenchandGermanrespondentsidentifiedfewproblemswithstatutoryfunding,althoughitwasnotedthatthiscouldleadtoanunacceptablyheavyfinancingburdenonthepartoflargerfirms,subjecttogreatermembershipcosts.Paradoxically,somemedium-sizedfirmsmightalsobeunhappyhavingtopayforChamberserviceswhichtheydidnotuse.
Advantagesofnon-statutoryfunding
Britishrespondentscommentedthatrelianconnon-statutoryincomeleadstoresponsivenesstomarketforces,empathywithmembers'businessproblems,andtheefficientuseofresources,promptedbylimitedfinancialmeans.
Disadvantagesofnon-statutoryfunding
Thedisadvantagesofnon-statutoryfundingwereidentifiedaslackoffinancialresources,limitstoChamberstaffingandservices,andanunduefocusonincome-earning,non-coreactivities.Britishrespondentsalsopointedtoincreasingdependenceongovernmentfunding,oftenbasedonshort-term,ifrenewablecontracts,asapossiblesourceofproblemsforUKChambers.
Chamberstructures
FrenchandGermanChamberstructures
FrenchandGermanrespondentsidentifiedtheuniformityandcompletenessofgeographicalcoverageasamajoradvantageoftheirrespectivepubliclawChambernetworks.TheexistenceofaregionalChambertierinFrance(althoughnotinGermany)wasconsideredanadvantagebyFrenchrespondents.RespondentsinbothcountriesbelievedthatterritorialdivisionsbetweenlocalChamberswerebothrationalintheirdesignandwellunderstoodbylocalbusinesses,leadingtoenhancedtransparency,comprehensibilityandimproveduseraccess.Bothsystemslentthemselvestothecreationof``one-stopshops''forbusinessservices,thushelpingtomaximiseeaseofaccessandservicesqualityforusers.Inter-Chambercooperationwasalsohighlydeveloped,resultinginChamberspecialisationinofferingservicesofparticularlocalinterest,andthereforefurtherenhancingthestandardofoverallservicesforbusiness.NodisadvantagesoftheirdomesticChamberstructureswereidentifiedbyeitherFrenchorGermanrespondents.
UKChamberstructure
UKrespondentssawadvantagesintermsoftheflexibilityofcurrentarrangements,allowingfortheexistenceofeitherstand-aloneChambersorCCTEsinappropriatelocalareas.MemberswereofferedreadyaccesstoservicesofhighqualityinmanyareasoftheUK,whilebusinessconfusionwiththeproliferationofrivalserviceproviderswas,intheirview,oftenoverstated.TheUKChamberstructurewas,however,perceivedascausingpotentialproblemsforbusinesses,duetoitsunevengeographicalcoverageandtheinconsistencyofChamberboundaries,whichsometimesoverlapped.RecentchangesandcontinuingdiversityintheUKbusinesssupportsystemcould,itwasconceded,leadtobusinessconfusioninsomelocalareas.Demandsforhelpfrombusinessonthepartofmutiplebusinesssupportorganizationscouldalsoleadtoexcessivecallsonbusinessmanagers'timeandmoney.
Chambermissionsandactivities
PubliclawChambers
ThelegalstatusofChambersintheUK,FranceandGermanyexercisesaprofoundinfluenceoverthetypesofservicewhichtheycanprovide.FrenchandGermanChambersoperatewithinstate-controlledparameters,sincetheirmainmissionsaredeterminedbypubliclaw.Theirroleasthemeetingpointbetweengovernmentandbusinessisalsostatutorilydefined.However,theyenjoysubstantialaut
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