文化史作业.docx
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文化史作业.docx
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文化史作业
2014-2015学年第一学期
硕士研究生课程论文
题目:
浅谈《战火中的“玫瑰”
-从独立战争和内战看美国妇女》
课程名称美国文化史
任课教师张辉教授
年级2014级
专业外国语言学及应用语言学
班次6
学号10000002014264
姓名白鲜平
《浅析《战火中的”玫瑰”
----从独立战争和内战看美国妇女》
Abstract:
thisthesistriestogivearoughanalysisoftheresourcethesisfromfiveaspects,namely:
1,theparticularperspectivetheauthorhad,2,writingskills,3,explanatorymethod,4,themoralofthetitle“战火中的玫瑰”,5,theorganizationofthethesis.
Keywords:
perspective,writingskills,explanatorymethod,moralofthetitle,organizationofthethesis
1.Perspective
Peoplealwaysseetheevilsideofwarandthetragediesitbroughttohumanbeings,buttheauthorhadaspecialperspectiveandanalyzedtheinfluenceoftheIndependentWarandtheCivilWaronwoman’sfemaleawarenessandtheirfightforwoman’sright.Intheauthor’sword,“thoughcruel,theyreallymadewomenmature;thoughtedious,theytaughtwomenhowtoseekamorecolorfullife;thoughtheymeantdeath,theyshowedwomenhowtosurviveonthevergeofdeath.”
2.Writingskills
Thisthesismadeseveralcomparisonstobetterstatetheauthor’sidea.
First,theauthormadeacomparisonbetweenthedifferentroleswomanplayedinandinfluencetheyhadontheIndependentwarandtheCivilWar.IntheIndependentWar,womenmadetheircontributionbydealingwiththehouseworkandsupportingthefamily,likethegreatleaderJohnAdamspraisedhiswifeAbigaleAdamsasaheroineforherexcellentperformanceindealingwiththeplantation,[]KatherineSchuyler,whosupportedherfamilyandlookedaftertheplantationwhileherhusbandservedintheTheContinentalArmy.[]Whiletheirhusbandfoughtonthefrontlineofthebattlefield,theymadeindispensablecontributionathome.Therewerealsosomewomenfollowedtheirhusbandintothearmyasmilitaryfamilydependents,mostofthemwerewivesofmilitaryoffersandsoldierswhojusttookcareofthedailylifeoftheirhusbandandsometimesothersinthearmy,onemergentcases,theymayworkedasnursesandsoldiers,butonlyforatemporarytimeandunderaccidentalcircumstances,astheauthormentioned,somehelpedtheirhusbandwiththemilitarymission,sometookoverthemissionwhentheirhusbandgotinjuredordied,somefoughtbravelyandsmartlywhenencounteredsuddenarmyforces.Somealsogavethearmymaterialandmentalsupportbyestablishingassociations.Mentally,themosttypicalwasBetsyRoss,[]whomadethefirsnationalflag,whichenhancedtroopmoralegreatly.Materially,theygavegenerousdonation.WhileintheCivilWar,manywomenjoinedthearmy,workedasprofessionalnurses,soldersandspies.
Second,theauthorcomparedthepsychologyandcharacterofwomeninthetwowars,intheauthor’sword,“thereisthedifferencebetweenchanceandnecessity,temporaryandpermanentintherolestheyplayed.”IntheIndependenceWar,therewasnoclearlabelsfortheirroles,therolestheyplayedaredefinedbytheircontributiontothewar.WhileintheCivilWar,theyaremoreprofessional,theyweremorepositiveandactive,theygotmoreawareofhowtobetterwintheirownright,theyputenormousenthusiasmintothewar,madetheircontributioninmanyformstothesidetheystandby.IftheIndependenceWarwakedwomentofightfortheirright,theCivilWarraisedthisawakeningtoanewheight.Theyservedthearmyasprofessionalnurses,soldiersandspies.Theirnotwillingtobeconfinedtotherearofthebattlefieldandplaysupportingrolesshowedtheirfemaleawarenesshadstrengthened.AftertheCivilWar,womenexpectedtobeendowedwithmoreright.
Thoughtheabovecomparisons,theauthorshowedustheprogressofwoman’spsychologyandcapability,whichispartlycomefromthetwowars.
3.Explanatorymethod
Thethesisgavelotsofexamples.
IntheIndependentWar,theauthorgaveexamplesofAbigaleAdams,wifeofthefamousleaderJohnAdams,andKatharineSchuyler,whomightbethetypicalexamplesofassistingthewarathomeinaindirectbuthelpfulway.Ofcourse,therearealsothosewhowouldnotconstrainttheircontributionjustwithinthebackyard,somewiveskepttheirhusbandaccompanywhentheygotothebattleandgivehelpinthearmy.TheauthorgaveexamplesofMarthaBratton,[]whodestroyedtheexplosivesincasetheyfallintothehandofenemywhenherhusbanddied,MollyLudwigHays,[]whotookoverherhusband’sartilleryafterherhusbandgotwounded,NancyHart,[]whokilledtwoenemysoldierswithagun,DeborahSampson,[]whoenrolledinthearmydisguisedasamanandinherbrother’sname,BetsyRoss,whodesignedandsewedthefirstnationalflagofAmerica,andEstherReed,[]whofoundedthelargestrevolutionaryorganizationformedbywomen,“thePhiladelphiaAssociation”,aswellasalistofdonationsmadebywomen.
IntheCivilWar,thefollowingexamplesweregiven:
thesewomenasMaryLivermore,MaryWise,ClalinFrances,FannieWilson,MargaretHenry,MalindaBlaylockandRoseQuinnRooneyalljoinedthearmyactively.WhilethesewomenlikeMaryAnnBickerdyke,LorindaAnnaBlairandJulietOpieHopkinsserverthearmyasnurses.AndElizabethVanLew,PaulineCushmanandMariaIsabellawereexcellentspies.
Theseexampleswerenotgiveninacasualway,butancomprehensiveAnalysisoflevelprogressive.Theseexampleweretypicalonesofdifferentroleswomenplayedinthetwowars,directlyandindirectlysupportingthebattles.Theseexamplewereshowedinasequentialway,frommakingcontributionattherearofthebattlefieldtoactivelyjoinedthearmyandworkedexcellentlyassoldiers,nursesandspies.Suchasequenceinfactshowtheprogressofwomen,thefurtherandfurtherawakeningofwomen,themoreapprovaltowomenbythesociety,aswellasthebigandbiggerpromotiontheIndependentWarandtheCivilWargavetothearousalofwomen.
4.Themoralofthetitle
Peopleallknowthatroseispreciousandunique,notbecauseofitsbeautybutalsobecauseitiscoveredwiththrones.Theauthordidn’tchooseotherflowersbutroseasthevehicle,becausewomeninthosetimesareverymuchlikeroses,theytriedtoshowtheirvalueandbeautythoughaction,theybegantolearntoprotectthemselvesandstruggleandfightforthemselves,theynolongersubmittedtofate,totheoldtradition,tothesociety. Baptizedbythewar,theyarestronger,moremature,andmoreawareofprotectthemselvesandarmthemselvesbytheirownmindsandaction.
5.Organizationofthethesis
TheauthorgavearespectiveaccountofwomenintheIndependentWarandtheCivilWar,thencomparedthedifferentroleswomenplayedinthetwowarsaswellasthedifferentinfluencetheyhad.Suchastructuremadeitveryclearthatwomeninthetwowarsweredifferentnotonlyintherolestheyplayed,butalsotheircharacterandpsychology.
Theauthorgavethebackgroundsofwoman’sinvolvementintotheIndependentWarandtheCivilWarandstartedfromthecolonialtimes,whenwomanhadverylowstatusbothintheirfamiliesandthesociety.Mentally,theyshouldwillinglytakethemselvesasthesubordinatetotheirhusbands.Physically,theymustacceptthefactthattheyarejustbaby-producers.Astheoldsayinggoes“Wherethereisoppression,thereisresistance”.Long-timesufferingandfinallyleadtotheoutburstoftheirconstraintandthedesireforachangeaswellasabetterlife.Thuscamethestorytellingthatawomanwhoisforty-sixandhadhadtwelvepregnancywouldratherbeexiledthanhaveanotherbaby.Shewouldgiveallherlifetotheseekoffreedomandindependence.Thisisthegerminateofwoman’sarousal,theybegantolookforopportunitiesfortheirliberty,thencametheAmericanindependentwar.Theytookpartinthiswarasastrongbackupforthearmy,astheauthorsaid,theyfightnotjustfortheircountry,alsoforthemselves.
ThoughtheIndependentWarbroughtsomefreshairtowomen,thereweresomeimprovementintheirlivingconditions,butduetothedeeprootedtraditionalconcept,changesintheirliveswasnotsoremarkableandtheirwaytowinfreedomanddemocracywasstillfullofobstacles.Therepealoftheirrighttovotetheyhadhadinninestatessetofftheirrage,theyrealizedthattheymustnotbesilent.Duringthe1930sto1940s,cametheabolitionistmovement,towhichwomencombinedthewoman’srightmovement.Fortheyfelttheysharethesamesufferingwithslaves,havingnopoliticalright.SowhentheCivilWarbrokeout,theyactivelytookpartinandfoughtfortheliberationofslavesaswellasthemselvesinanothersense.Theyfoughttheirwarassoldiers,nurses,spiesandmanyotherimportantroles.ComparedwiththeirperformanceintheIndependentWar,thistimetheyaremoreprofessionalinexercisingtheirduties.Afterthewar,theweeklyrevolutionaryandtheorganizationNationalWomanSuffrageAssociationweresuccessivelycreated,butneitherofthemwintherighttovoteforwomen.Similarly,thetwowaralsodidnotmakebigdifferenceinwoman’ssituation,buttheyindeedhadgreatimpactonthefurtherarousalofwomenaswellasthereevaluationofwomenbythesociety.
theauthoranalyzedthereciprocalinfluencebetweenthetwowarsandwomen.Despitethedifferentrolestheyplayed,theymaderemarkablecontributiontobothofthetwowars.Theygavespiritualandmaterial,mentalandphysicalsupporttothewars,andplayedimportantrolesinthesuccessofthem.Inturn,thetwowarsalsohadgreatimpactonwomen.Ontheonehand,thetwowarswonsomeapprovalforwomenfromthefamilyandthesociety.Thetwowarsprovidedwomenwithopportunitiestoshowthattheycanequallyorevenbettercompletewhatwerebelievedonlymen
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