雅思阅读练习辅导试题及答案解析.docx
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雅思阅读练习辅导试题及答案解析.docx
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雅思阅读练习辅导试题及答案解析
雅思阅读练习辅导试题及答案解析
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1There’sadimmerswitchinsidethesunthatcausesitsbrightnesstoriseandfallontimescalesofaround100,000years-exactlythesameperiodasbetweeniceagesonEarth.Sosaysaphysicistwhohascreatedacomputermodelofourstar’score.
2RobertEhrlichofGeorgeMasonUniversityinFairfax,Virginia,modelledtheeffectoftemperaturefluctuationsinthesun’sinterior.Accordingtothestandardview,thetemperatureofthesun’scoreisheldconstantbytheopposingpressuresofgravityandnuclearfusion.However,Ehrlichbelievedthatslightvariationsshouldbepossible.
3HetookashisstartingpointtheworkofAttilaGrandpierreoftheKonkolyObservatoryoftheHungarianAcademyofSciences.In2005,Grandpierreandacollaborator,Gáborágoston,calculatedthatmagneticfieldsinthesun’scorecouldproducesmallinstabilitiesinthesolarplasma.Theseinstabilitieswouldinducelocalisedoscillationsintemperature.
4Ehrlich’smodelshowsthatwhilstmostoftheseoscillationscanceleachotherout,somereinforceoneanotherandbecomelong-livedtemperaturevariations.Thefavouredfrequenciesallowthesun’scoretemperaturetooscillatearounditsaveragetemperatureof13.6millionkelvinincycleslastingeither100,000or41,000years.Ehrlichsaysthatrandominteractionswithinthesun’smagneticfieldcouldflipthefluctuationsfromonecyclelengthtotheother.
5ThesetwotimescalesareinstantlyrecognisabletoanyonefamiliarwithEarth’siceages:
forthepastmillionyears,iceageshaveoccurredroughlyevery100,000years.Beforethat,theyoccurredroughlyevery41,000years.
6MostscientistsbelievethattheiceagesaretheresultofsubtlechangesinEarth’sorbit,knownastheMilankovitchcycles.OnesuchcycledescribesthewayEarth’sorbitgraduallychangesshapefromacircletoaslightellipseandbackagainroughlyevery100,000years.ThetheorysaysthisalterstheamountofsolarradiationthatEarthreceives,triggeringtheiceages.However,apersistentproblemwiththistheoryhasbeenitsinabilitytoexplainwhytheiceageschangedfrequencyamillionyearsago.
7InMilankovitch,thereiscertainlynogoodideawhythefrequencyshouldchangefromonetoanother,saysNeilEdwards,aclimatologistattheOpenUniversityinMiltonKeynes,UK.NoristhetransitionproblemtheonlyonetheMilankovitchtheoryfaces.EhrlichandothercriticsclaimthatthetemperaturevariationscausedbyMilankovitchcyclesaresimplynotbigenoughtodriveiceages.
8However,EdwardsbelievesthesmallchangesinsolarheatingproducedbyMilankovitchcyclesarethenamplifiedbyfeedbackmechanismsonEarth.Forexample,ifseaicebeginstoformbecauseofaslightcooling,carbondioxidethatwouldotherwisehavefounditswayintotheatmosphereaspartofthecarboncycleislockedintotheice.ThatweakensthegreenhouseeffectandEarthgrowsevencolder.
9AccordingtoEdwards,thereisnolackofsuchmechanisms.Ifyouaddtheireffectstogether,thereismorethanenoughfeedbacktomakeMilankovitchwork,hesays.Theproblemnowisidentifyingwhichmechanismsareatwork.ThisiswhyscientistslikeEdwardsarenotyetreadytogiveuponthecurrenttheory.Milankovitchcyclesgiveusiceagesroughlywhenweobservethemtohappen.Wecancalculatewhereweareinthecycleandcompareitwithobservation,hesays.Ican’tseeanywayoftesting[Ehrlich’s]ideatoseewhereweareinthetemperatureoscillation.
10Ehrlichconcedesthis.Ifthereisawaytotestthistheoryonthesun,Ican’tthinkofonethatispractical,hesays.That’sbecausevariationover41,000to100,000yearsistoogradualtobeobserved.However,theremaybeawaytotestitinotherstars:
reddwarfs.Theircoresaremuchsmallerthanthatofthesun,andsoEhrlichbelievesthattheoscillationperiodscouldbeshortenoughtobeobserved.Hehasyettocalculatethepreciseperiodortheextentofvariationinbrightnesstobeexpected.
11NigelWeiss,asolarphysicistattheUniversityofCambridge,isfarfromconvinced.HedescribesEhrlich’sclaimsasutterlyimplausible.EhrlichcountersthatWeiss’sopinionisbasedonthestandardsolarmodel,whichfailstotakeintoaccountthemagneticinstabilitiesthatcausethetemperaturefluctuations.
Questions1-4
CompleteeachofthefollowingstatementswithOneorTwonamesofthescientistsfromtheboxbelow.
WritetheappropriatelettersA-Einboxes1-4onyouranswersheet.
A.AttilaGrandpierre
B.Gáborágoston
C.NeilEdwards
D.NigelWeiss
E.RobertEhrlich
1....claimsthereadimmerswitchinsidethesunthatcausesitsbrightnesstoriseandfallinperiodsaslongasthosebetweeniceagesonEarth.
2....calculatedthattheinternalsolarmagneticfieldscouldproduceinstabilitiesinthesolarplasma.
3....holdsthatMilankovitchcyclescaninducechangesinsolarheatingonEarthandthechangesareamplifiedonEarth.
4....doesn’tbelieveinEhrlich’sviewpointsatall.
Questions5-9
Dothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeinformationgiveninthereadingpassage?
Inboxes5-9onyouranswersheetwrite
TRUEifthestatementistrueaccordingtothepassage
FALSEifthestatementisfalseaccordingtothepassage
NOTGIVENiftheinformationisnotgiveninthepassage
5.Theiceageschangedfrequencyfrom100,000to41,000yearsamillionyearsago.
6.ThesoleproblemthattheMilankovitchtheorycannotsolveistoexplainwhytheiceagefrequencyshouldshiftfromonetoanother.
7.Carbondioxidecanbelockedartificiallyintoseaicetoeliminatethegreenhouseeffect.
8.SomescientistsarenotreadytogiveuptheMilankovitchtheorythoughtheyhaven’tfiguredoutwhichmechanismsamplifythechangesinsolarheating.
9.BothEdwardsandEhrlichbelievethatthereisnopracticalwaytotestwhenthesolartemperatureoscillationbeginsandwhenends.
Questions10-14
Completethenotesbelow.
ChooseonesuitablewordfromtheReadingPassageaboveforeachanswer.
Writeyouranswersinboxes10-14onyouranswersheet.
Thestandardviewassumesthattheopposingpressuresofgravityandnuclearfusionsholdthetemperature...10...inthesun’sinterior,buttheslightchangesintheearth’s...11...alterthetemperatureontheearthandcauseiceagesevery100,000years.ABritishscientist,however,challengesthisviewbyclaimingthattheinternalsolarmagnetic...12...caninducethetemperatureoscillationsinthesun’sinterior.Thesun’scoretemperatureoscillatesarounditsaveragetemperaturein...13...lastingeither100,000or41,000years.Andthe...14...interactionswithinthesun’smagneticfieldcouldflipthefluctuationsfromonecyclelengthtotheother,whichexplainswhytheiceageschangedfrequencyamillionyearsago.
Answerkeysandexplanations:
1.E
Seethesentencesinparagraph1(There’sadimmerswitchinsidethesunthatcausesitsbrightnesstoriseandfallontimescalesofaround100,000years-exactlythesameperiodasbetweeniceagesonEarth.Sosaysaphysicistwhohascreatedacomputermodelofourstar’score.)andpara.2(RobertEhrlichofGeorgeMasonUniversityinFairfax,Virginia,modelledtheeffectoftemperaturefluctuationsinthesun’sinterior.)
2.AB
Seepara.3:
?
istyle=’normal’Grandpierreandacollaborator,Gáborágoston,calculatedthatmagneticfieldsinthesun’scorecouldproducesmallinstabilitiesinthesolarplasma.
3.C
Seepara.8:
EdwardsbelievesthesmallchangesinsolarheatingproducedbyMilankovitchcyclesarethenamplifiedbyfeedbackmechanismsonEarth.
4.D
Seepara.11:
NigelWeiss,asolarphysicistattheUniversityofCambridge,isfarfromconvinced.HedescribesEhrlich’sclaimsasutterlyimplausible.
5.False
Seepara.5:
forthepastmillionyears,iceageshaveoccurredroughlyevery100,000years.Beforethat,theyoccurredroughlyevery41,000years.
6.False
Seepara.7:
InMilankovitch,thereiscertainlynogoodideawhythefrequencyshouldchangefromonetoanother,...NoristhetransitionproblemtheonlyonetheMilankovitchtheoryfaces.
7.NotGiven
Seepara.8:
ifseaicebeginstoformbecauseofaslightcooling,carbondioxide?
islockedintotheice.Thatweakensthegreenhouseeffect.(Thepassagedoesn抰mentionanythingaboutlockingCo2intoiceartificially.)
8.True
Seepara.9:
thereisnolackofsuchmechanisms.Ifyouaddtheireffectstogether,thereismorethanenoughfeedbacktomakeMilankovitchwork,?
Theproblemnowisidentifyingwhichmechanismsareatwork.ThisiswhyscientistslikeEdwardsarenotyetreadytogiveuponthecurrenttheory.
9.True
Seethesentencesinpara.9(AccordingtoEdwards,卙esays.Ican’tseeanywayoftesting[Ehrlich’s]ideatoseewhereweareinthetemperatureoscillation.)andpara.10(Ehrlichconcedesthis.Ifthereisawaytotestthistheoryonthesun,Ican’tthinkofonethatispractical).
10.constant
Seepara.2:
Accordingtothestandardview,thetemperatureofthesun&rsqu
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