Issue 攻略26.docx
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Issue 攻略26.docx
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Issue攻略26
Issue攻略
GRE官方指南
Rememberthatthisisataskincriticalthinkingandpersuasivewriting.Themostsuccessfulresponseswillexplorethecomplexityoftheclaimandinstructions.AsyoupreparefortheIssuetask,youmightfindithelpfultoaskyourselfthefollowingquestions:
●Whatpreciselyisthecentralissue?
●Whatpreciselyaretheinstructionsaskingmetodo?
●DoIagreewithallorwithanypartoftheclaim?
Whyorwhynot?
●Doestheclaimmakecertainassumptions?
Ifso,aretheyreasonable?
●Istheclaimvalidonlyundercertainconditions?
Ifso,whatarethey?
●DoIneedtoexplainhowIinterpretcertaintermsorconceptsusedintheclaim?
●IfItakeacertainpositionontheissue,whatreasonssupportmyposition?
●Whatexamples—eitherrealorhypothetical—couldIusetoillustratethosereasonsandadvancemypointofview?
Whichexamplesaremostcompelling?
Onceyouhavedecidedonapositiontodefend,considertheperspectiveofotherswhomightnotagreewithyourposition.Askyourself:
●Whatreasonsmightsomeoneusetorefuteorunderminemyposition?
●HowshouldIacknowledgeordefendagainstthoseviewsinmyessay?
Toplanyourresponse,youmightwanttosummarizeyourpositionandmakebriefnotesabouthowyouwillsupportthepositionyou’regoingtotake.Whenyou’vedonethis,lookoveryournotesanddecidehowyouwillorganizeyourresponse.Thenwritearesponsedevelopingyourpositionontheissue.Evenifyoudon’twriteafullresponse,youshouldfindithelpfultopracticewithafewoftheIssuetopicsandtosketchoutyourpossibleresponses.Afteryouhavepracticedwithsomeofthetopics,trywritingresponsestosomeofthetopicswithinthe30-minutetimelimitsothatyouhaveagoodideaofhowtouseyourtimeintheactualtest.
Itwouldprobablybehelpfultogetsomefeedbackonyourresponsefromaninstructorwhoteachescriticalthinkingorwritingortotradepapersonthesametopicwithotherstudentsanddiscussoneanother’sresponsesinrelationtothescoringguide.Trytodeterminehoweachpapermeetsormissesthecriteriaforeachscorepointintheguide.Comparingyourownresponsetothescoringguidewillhelpyouseehowandwhereyoumightneedtoimprove.
SampleIssueTask
Aspeoplerelymoreandmoreontechnologytosolveproblems,theabilityofhumanstothinkforthemselveswillsurelydeteriorate.
Discusstheextenttowhichyouagreeordisagreewiththestatementandexplainyourreasoningforthepositionyoutake.Indevelopingandsupportingyourposition,youshouldconsiderwaysinwhichthestatementmightormightnotholdtrueandexplainhowtheseconsiderationsshapeyourposition.
StrategiesforThisTopic
Inthistask,youareaskedtodiscusstheextenttowhichyouagreeordisagreewiththestatement.Thus,responsesmayrangefromstrongagreementorstrongdisagreement,toqualifiedagreementorqualifieddisagreement.Youarealsoinstructedtoexplainyourreasoningandconsiderwaysinwhichthestatementmightormightnotholdtrue.Asuccessfulresponseneednotcommentonalloranyoneofthepointslistedbelowandmaywelldiscussotherreasonsorexamplesnotmentionedhereinsupportofitsposition.
Althoughthistopicisaccessibletorespondentsofalllevelsofability,foranyresponsetoreceiveatopscore,itisparticularlyimportantthatyouremainfocusedonthetaskandprovideclearlyrelevantexamplesand/orreasonstosupportthepointofviewyouareexpressing.Lowerlevelresponsesmaybelongandfullofexamplesofmoderntechnology,butthoseexamplesmaynotbeclearlyrelatedtoaparticularposition.Forexample,arespondentwhostronglydisagreeswiththestatementmaychoosetousecomputertechnologyasproofthatthinkingabilityisnotdeteriorating.Themereexistenceofcomputertechnology,however,doesnotadequatelyprovethispoint(perhapstheeaseofcomputeruseinhibitsourthinkingability).Toreceiveahigher-levelscore,therespondentshouldexplaininwhatwayscomputertechnologymaycallfororrequirethinkingability.
Thistopiccouldelicitawidevarietyofapproaches,especiallyconsideringthedifferentpossibleinterpretationsofthephrase“theabilityofhumanstothinkforthemselves.”Althoughmostrespondentsmaytakeittomeanproblemsolving,others,withequaleffectiveness,couldinterpretitasemotionalandsocialintelligence(i.e.,theabilitytocommunicate/connectwithothers).Withanyapproach,itispossibletodiscussexamplessuchascalculators,wordprocessingtoolssuchasspellandgrammarcheck,taxreturnsoftware,Internetresearch,andavarietyofothercommonhouseholdandbusinesstechnologies.
Youmayagreewiththepromptandarguethat:
●relianceontechnologyleadstodependency;wecometorelyonproblemsolvingtechnologiestosuchadegreethatwhentheyfail,weareinworseshapethanifwedidn’thavetheminthefirstplace
●everydaytechnologiessuchascalculatorsandcashregistershavedecreasedourabilitytoperformsimplecalculations,a“useitorloseit”approachtothinkingability
●Oryoumaytakeissuewiththepromptandarguethattechnologyfacilitatesandimprovesourthinkingskills,arguingthat:
●developing,implementing,andusingtechnologyrequiresproblemsolving
●technologyfreesusfrommundaneproblemsolving(e.g.,calculations),andallowsustoengageinmorecomplexthinking
●technologyprovidesaccesstoinformationotherwiseunavailable
●technologyconnectspeopleatadistanceandallowsthemtoshareideas
●technologyisdependentonthehumanabilitytothinkandmakechoices(everyimplementationofandadvanceintechnologyisdrivenbyhumanintelligenceanddecisionmaking)
Ontheotherhand,youcoulddecidetoexplorethemiddlegroundinthedebateandpointoutthatwhiletechnologymaydiminishsomementalskillsets,itenablesother(perhapsmoreimportant)typesofthinkingtothrive.Sucharesponsemightdistinguishbetweencomplexproblemsolvingandsimple“datamaintenance”(i.e.,performingcalculationsandorganizinginformation).Otherapproachescouldincludetakingahistorical,philosophical,orsociologicalstance,or,withequaleffectiveness,usingpersonalexamplestoillustrateaposition.Onecouldarguethatthevalueordetrimentofrelyingontechnologyisdeterminedbytheindividual(orsociety)usingitorthatonlythosewhodeveloptechnology(i.e.,technicalspecialists)aremaintainingtheirproblemsolvingskills,whiletherestofusarelosingthem.
Again,itisimportantforyoutoavoidoverlygeneralexamples,orlistsofexampleswithoutexpansion.Itisalsoessentialtodomorethanparaphrasetheprompt.Pleasekeepinmindthatwhatcountsistheabilitytoclearlyexpressaparticularpointofviewinrelationtotheissueandspecifictaskinstructionsandtosupportthatpositionwithrelevantreasonsand/orexamples.
EssayResponsesandReaderCommentary
Score6Response*
Thestatementlinkingtechnologynegativelywithfreethinkingplaysonrecenthumanexperienceoverthepastcentury.Surelytherehasbeennotimeinhistorywherethelivedlivesofpeoplehavechangedmoredramatically.Aquickreflectiononatypicaldayrevealshowtechnologyhasrevolutionizedtheworld.Mostpeoplecommutetoworkinanautomobilethatrunsonaninternalcombustionengine.Duringtheworkday,chancesarehighthattheemployeewillinteractwithacomputerthatprocessesinformationonsiliconbridgesthatare.09micronswide.Uponleavinghome,familymemberswillbereachedthroughwirelessnetworksthatutilizesatellitesorbitingtheearth.Eachofthesecommonoccurrenceswouldhavebeeninconceivableattheturnofthe19thcentury.
Thestatementattemptstobridgethesedramaticchangestoareductionintheabilityforhumanstothinkforthemselves.Theassumptionisthatanincreasedrelianceontechnologynegatestheneedforpeopletothinkcreativelytosolvepreviousquandaries.Lookingbackattheintroduction,onecouldarguethatwithoutacar,computer,ormobilephone,thehypotheticalworkerwouldneedtofindalternatemethodsoftransport,informationprocessing,andcommunication.Technologyshortcircuitsthisthinkingbymakingtheproblemsobsolete.
However,thisrelianceontechnologydoesnotnecessarilyprecludethecreativitythatmarksthehumanspecies.Thepriorexamplesrevealthattechnologyallowsforconvenience.Thecar,computer,andphoneallreleaseadditionaltimeforpeopletolivemoreefficiently.Thisefficiencydoesnotprecludetheneedforhumanstothinkforthemselves.Infact,technologyfreeshumanitytonotonlytacklenewproblems,butmayitselfcreatenewissuesthatdidnotexistwithouttechnology.Forexample,theproliferationofautomobileshasintroducedaneedforfuelconservationonaglobalscale.Withincreasingenergydemandsfromemergingmarkets,globalwarmingbecomesaconcerninconceivabletothehorse-and-buggygeneration.Likewisedependenceonoilhascreatednation-statesthatarenotdependentontaxation,allowingrulingpartiestooppressminoritygroupssuchaswomen.Solutionstothesecomplexproblemsrequiretheunfetteredimaginationsofmaverickscientistsandpoliticians.
Incontrasttothestatement,wecanevenseehowtechnologyfreesthehumanimagination.Considerhowthedigitalrevolutionandtheadventoftheinternethasallowedforanunprecedentedexchangeofideas.WebMD,apopularinternetportalformedicalinformation,permitspatientstoselfresearchsymptomsforamoreinformeddoctorvisit.Thisexerciseopenspathwaysofthinkingthatwerepreviouslyclosedofftothemedicallayman.Withincreasedinterdisciplinaryinteract
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