最负盛名的地理论坛.docx
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最负盛名的地理论坛.docx
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最负盛名的地理论坛
Contents
摘要1
英文摘要2
.Introduction3
A.Definitionofbodylanguage4
B.Functionsofbodylanguage4
C.Classificationofbodylanguage5
.ComparisonofbodylanguageinChineseandAmericanculture6
A.Facialexpression6
B.Eyescontact7
C.Gesture8
D.Posture8
E.Touch9
.Factorscontributingtothedifferences10
A.Nationalcharacters11
B.Religiousbelief11
C.Customs12
Howtoimprovetheabilityofinterculturalcommunication13
VI..Conclusion13
Acknowledgments13
References14
AComparativeStudyofDifferencesBetweenBodyLanguageinChinaandAmericainCross-culturalCommunication
跨国际文化中美体态语的比较研究
摘要
随着社会经济科技的发展,文化交往越来越频繁,跨文化交际已经成为人们交际活动必不可少的重要组成部分,在正常的人类社会交际中,我们常用的沟通方式就是言语和行为,人类的行为动作是一种非语言交际符号,在人与人的交流方式中占有很重要的位置。
有数据统计,人类有70%的日常交际信息都是通过非语言交际传达的。
在某种程度上非语言交际比言语交际更重要。
人们在进行交流的过程中,除了运用语言这种普遍的交流方式外,也经常运用体态语。
体态语是人类交际中最常见的一种非语言交际,对话语意义起着不可低估的作用,如补充,强调,替代等作用。
我们要想在跨国际文化能够交流顺利,研究肢体语言的定义,肢体语言的作用如何体现,以及肢体语言在不同国家有何差异和相似是很有必要的。
体态语是文化的一部分,不同的体态语在在不同的文化背景下所表示的涵义不同。
体态语受民族文化,宗教信仰,风俗习惯等因素的影响,不同国家之间的体态语具有共性,也有差异。
人们对母语体态语使用的习以为常会让我们对其他国家的体态语含义产生误解,严重时会引起冲突,造成跨国际文化交流的失败。
随着中国经济的飞速发展,中国与美国的交流更加频繁,因此本文着重研究了中美两国在体态语上的差异,这样有利于中美两国的经济,文化的迅速发展。
这篇文章主要运用案例法与比较法从五个方面对中美两国的面部表情,眼神交流,手势,体势以及触摸进行了对比与分析。
即中美两国体态语在这五方面有哪些相似及差别以及造成这些差别的因素。
通过本文的研究,我们会在中美两国的跨文化交流中减少甚至避免一些不必要的矛盾和冲突,有利于中美两国的顺利交流。
关键词肢体语言;跨国际交流;差异
Abstract
Withthedevelopmentofsocialeconomyandtechnology,culturalexchangeshavebecomemoreandmorefrequent.Cross-culturalcommunicationhasbecomeoneessentialpartamongcommunicativeactivities.Innormalcommunication,weusuallyuselanguageandbehaviortocommunicate.Human’sbehaviorisasymbolofnonverbalcommunication,whichplaysanimportantroleinpeople’sdailylife.Accordingtothedatestatistics,therebeing70%messagesareconveyedbythenonverbalcommunication.Toacertaindegree,nonverbalcommunicationismoreimportantthanverbalcommunication.Indailylife,weoftenusebodylanguageexcepttheverballanguage.Bodylanguageisacommonnonverbalcommunication,whichhasmanyfunctions,suchas,supplement,emphasizeandsubstitution.Ifwewanttocommunicatesmoothlyincross-culturalcommunication,wemuststudythedefinitionofbodylanguage,functionsofbodylanguage,eventhedifferencesandsimilaritiesofdifferentcountries.Weallknowthatbodylanguageisapartofculture,whichhasdifferentmeaningsindifferentcountries.Bodylanguagewaseffectedbythenationalcharacters,religiousbeliefs,customsandsoon.Bodylanguagehassomethingincommonanddifferencesindifferentcountries.Becausepeopleareusedtouseownbodylanguage,wewillhavemisunderstandingevencauseconflictsforotherbodylanguage,asaresult,wecannothaveasuccessfulinterculturalcommunication.AstheChineseeconomydevelopsrapidly,ChinaandtheUniteStateexchangesfrequently.Itisnecessaryforustostudythebodylanguagebetweenthetwocountries.Thispapercomparethebodylanguagethroughfiveaspects,facialexpression,eyecontact,gesture,postureandtouch.Throughthestudyofthispaper,wewillreduceoravoidconflictssothatthetwocountriescanexchangessmoothly.
Keywordsbodylanguage;interculturalcommunication;differences
.Introduction
Therearetwowaysofcommunication;verbalcommunicationandnonverbalcommunication.Indailylife,wecommunicatethroughorallanguageorwrittenlanguage,but,infact,wespendalotoftimeinnonverbalcommunication,whichconveyourmuchfeelings.Aswenotice,bodylanguageisakindofnonverbalcommunication.Scholarsreckonthat“bodylanguageisinformation”.ItisfirstcreatedbyanAmericanpsychologistBirdwhistellwhoistheleaderinstudyofbodylanguageinthewest.Hebelievesthatamongallmeansofexpressingemotionandattitude,morethansixtypercentisfinishedbyfacialexpression,gestures,postures,etc.InChina,YangXiaolionceanalysestheChinesephasesandgetsaconclusionthatmorethanonehundredandsixtyChinesephrasesareusedtorepresentthecontextofbodylanguageandtheycanconveyemotionandintentionseparately.Somanyscholarshavestudiesonbodylanguageinmanyaspects,whichbetterillustratestheimportantofbodylanguage.
A.Definitionofbodylanguage
Bodylanguageisanimportantpartofnonverbalcommunicationwhichreferstousingthehead、eyes、handsandotherbodypartstotakeplaceofthewordsorsoundstoexpressthethoughtsandfeelings.Bodylanguageplaysanimportantroleinpeople’sdailylifewhichiswidelyused,becauseitiseasyforustoconveywhatwewanttosay.Inotherwords,weusethebodylanguageeveryday.Usingthebodylanguageisalmostaninstinctofhumanitself.Mosttimewebelievedthattheinformationdeliveredbyaperson’sappearanceandactionsismuchmorethanthatofaperson’swords.Manyresearchershavefoundthattheverbalcommunicationcoversnomorethanthirtyfivepercent,whileotherformsofnonverbalcommunicationcarriesmorethansixtyfivepercent,whenwetalkwithotherpeoplefacetoface.Sometimes,bodylanguagecanhelpustounderstandaperson’semotionsandfeelingsthatwordscannotexpress.Forexample,whenwenoticeapersonwhoclosefingerstightlywithsternappearance,wecanjudgethatthepersonissadbasedonhisorheraction.Whenwearehearingpeoplewithshakingsoundandnoticingthemwithquiveringhands,wecanjudgethatthispersonismentallytroubledregardlessoftheirsaying.Whenwehearthatsomebodyclapshisorherhangs,wewillguessthatheorshecongratulatedtosomeonewhomakegoodperforms.Formalloftheseexamples,weknowbodylanguageishelpfulanduseful.Wecanconcludethatbodylanguagehasmanyfunctionsincommunication.
B.Functionsofbodylanguage
1.Substitution
Sometime,ifwecannotusespokenlanguageorwrittenlanguage,wewouldchoosetoexpressourthoughtsbybodylanguageatonce.Forexample,peopleinagroupareboisterous,youcanplaceyourfingeratmouthtomakethembequite.Insomespecialoccasions,usingbodylanguagetocommunicatearemoreimplicit.Forinstance,ifwenoticeourfriendbehavesrudely,wewanttopointouthismistakesbutnothurthisfeelings,wecanuseoureyescontacttopreventthisbehavior,whichissubstitutionofwordsitwouldtaketoconveythesamemeaning.
2.Complement
Wethinkthatonlyverbalcommunicationisnotclearinsometime.Thatthebodylanguageandtheverbalgettogethertoexpressourideasiseasilyunderstood.Forexample,whenwewanttoshowthegratitudetootherpeople,wewouldsay“Thankyouverymuch”,accompanyingwithsomefacialexpressionsorgestures,whichrevealsourthanksaresincerely.Whenwefeelthatspeechiswonderful,wewouldspeaktoaperson”Itissogood”atthesametime,wewillclapsourhandstoexpressourhappiness.Inthiskindofsituation,bodylanguagehelptheverbalcommunicationachievemoreeffectivecommunication.
3.Repetition
Peopleoftenusethebodylanguagetoemphasizetheirpointsortheirviews.Ourbodylanguageintensifieswhatwespeakandsendtothesamemessage.Forexample,whenweareaskedwhereisthebusstation,wewillreplythebusstationisonthenorth.Atthesametime,ourfingerwillpointtothedirectionofnorth.Whenweasktwocupsofcoffee,wewillstretchouttwofingerstoexpressthenumberoftwo.Thewordsaccompanyingwithbodymovementswillmakeourthoughtsareeasilyunderstood.
4.Contradicting
Nonverbalcommunicationarethefaithfulexpressionofauthenticfeelingfromone’sheartanditcansendsignalsoppositefromtheliteralmeaningscontainedinverballanguage.Forexample,whenaninnocentandpurekidturndownthedeliciousfoodthatpeoplegive,hewillsay”Idonotwanttoeatit.”Butactually,hiseyesarestaringatthefood,andhewanttoeatinhismind.Hejustrememberhisparentsteachingthatitisnotagoodboytoreceiveotherfood.Inclass,itseemsthatyouarelisteningtoteacherscarefullybuttheteacherwouldeasilytelloutyouareabsentmindedbecauseyoureyesglancedaway.Nomatterhowwellyoupretend,yourbodylanguagewillbetrayedyourthoughts.
Whenwecometorealizetheimportanceofbodylanguage,weshouldlearnthebodylanguageandusethebodylanguage.Butifwewanttousethebodylanguageproperly,weshouldknowhowmanytypesofbodylanguagefirstly,
C.Classificationsofbodylanguage
Thebodylanguageisverycomprehensive.Wethinkthatbodylanguagecanbedividedintothefollowingparts;
AFacialexpression
Itisknownthatourmanykindsoffeelingsareshowninourfaces.Ourfacesarethescreensofthoughts.Afteralongtimestudy,AllbertMebrabianconcludedaformula,thetotalimpactofmessage=verbal(7%)+vocal(38%)+facialexpression(55%)Facialexpressionisanaturalwaytoexpressouremotionsandfeelings.Weuseourfacestocommunicatewithotherpeopleeveryday.Forexample,whenwemeetafriendoraclassmateinthemorning,weoftengreetwithasmile.Weknowthatthesmileisthesimpleandeffectivewaytocommunicate.Thefaceisthemostsimpleandimportantbroadcasterofemotionamongallnonverbalchannel.Foronething,wecannothideourface,nomatterhowwefeelandwhatwewanttosay,wewouldexpressinourfaces.Ifwesuffergreatpains,ourfaceswillshowthefeelingofsadorupset.Inaword,wecanunderstandapersonfromhisorherface.
.BEyelanguage
Weuseallpartsofthebodymovementstoexpresstherichfeelings.Eyebehavioristheimportantpartoffacialexpression.Peopleoftensay“theeyesarethewindowofheart”,becauseitcangiveusalotofinformation.Wecanreadaperson’sattitudeandfeelingthrougheyes.Eyebehaviorhappensbetweentwopersons.Thesenderusest
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