现代大学英语精读6第二版教师用书unit.docx
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现代大学英语精读6第二版教师用书unit.docx
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现代大学英语精读6第二版教师用书unit
Unit3
WhatIsNews?
NeilPostmanandStevePowers
StructureoftheText
PartI(Para.1)
Inthisbeginningparagraph,theauthorsstatethepurposeoftheessay.
PartII(Para.2)
Somepeoplemightdefinethenewsaswhattelevisiondirectorsandjournalistssayitis.Theauthors,however,thinkthatthisdefinitionistoosimplistic.
PartIII(Paras.3
–5)
Intheseparagraphs,theauthorsexplainwhythenewscannotbesimplydefinedas
“whathappenedthatday
”or“whathappenedthat
daythatwasimportantand
interesting”.
PartIV(Paras.6
–11)
Inthese
paragraphs,
the
authors
tell
readersthat
thenewsis
moreoften
maderather
thangathered,anditismadeonthebasisofwhatthejournalistthinksimportant
orwhatthejournalistthinkstheaudiencethinksisimportant.Therefore,every
newsstoryisareflectionofthereporterwhotellsthestory.
PartV(Paras.12
–15)
Inthese
paragraphs,
the
authors
point
out
that
to
makesenseofthenews,the
viewer
hastoknowsomet
hingaboutthejournalist
’spoliticalbeliefsaswellashis
prejudices,interests,andquirkswhichare,inturn,influencedbyhisfinancial
status,thecompanieshehasworkedfor,theschoolshewentto,thebookshehas
read,etc.
PartVI(Paras.16
–17)
Inthese
paragraphs,
the
authors
point
out
that
the
journalist
cannotalways
impose
his/herviewsonthegeneralpublicbecausethetelevisionchannelornewspaper
cannotsurvive
unlessthenewsthey
provide
satisfies
theneedsofthegeneral
public.
Onthe
other
hand,
the
viewer/reader
must
also
takeinto
account
his
orher
relationship
to
alarger
audience
because
television
andnewspapersaremassmedia
andtheirnewsisnotintendedforanaudienceofone.
PartVII(Paras.18
–20)
Intheseparagraphs,theauthorsdiscusssomeotherpossibledefinitionsofnews:
newsassomething
to
give
people
pleasure;
newsassomethinginstructive
that
reveals
the
mores,
values,andidealsof
asociety;newsasliving
history;newsasasource
of
literature;
newsasareflection
ofhumanpain,suffering,
tragedies
andconfusion;
newsassomethingtoinspirepeople
andmakethemoptimistic;newsas
somethingto
frightenpeopleandmakethemawareoftheseamysideofthereality;lastbutnot
least,newsasafillerbetweencommercials.
PartVIII(Para.21)
Inthisparagraph,theauthorsconcludetheessaybyreiteratingtheirpurposein
raisingtheissue“Whatisnews?
”Itistoarouseourinterestandhelpus
understandtheproblems,limitations,traditions,motivations,andeventhe
delusionsofthetelevisionnewsindustry.
DetailedStudyoftheText
1.Weturn
tothis
question
becauseunlessatelevision
viewerhasconsidered
it,
heorsheisindangeroftooeasilyacceptingsomeoneelse
’sdefinition
—
for
example,adefinitionsuppliedbythenewsdirectorofatelevisionstation;or
evenworse,adefinitionimposedbyimportantadvertisers.
(Para.1)
newsdirector:
(台)新目人
advertisers:
InmanycountriesintheWest,televisionstationslargelydependon
sellingair
timeto
advertisers
fortheirrevenue.Therefore,important
advertisers
canoftenimposetheirviewsandinterestsonthenewssuppliedbytelevision
stations.
viewer:
Someonewhoiswatchingamovie,atelevisionprogram,oranexhibition
Compare:
audience:
agroupofpeoplewhowatch,read,orlistentosomething
spectator:
apersonwhowatchesanevent,show,game,oractivity
2.AsimplisticdefinitionofnewscanbedrawnbyparaphrasingJusticeOliver
WendellHolmes’famousdefiniti
onofthelaw.Thelaw,Holmessaid,iswhatthe
courtssayitis
⋯wemightsaythatthenewsiswhattelevisiondirectorsand
journalistssayitis.
(Para.2)
Americansgenerallyaccept
Holmes’famousdefinition
ofthe
lawbecausetheyagree
thatlawsmustallowforthenewinterpretationsnecessarytomeetthechallenges
ofachangingnationandachangingworld.Buttoproposeadefinitionofthenews
byparaphrasingHolmes’definitionofthelawprobablycommitsthelogicalerror
offalse
analogy.
Forexample,it
wouldnotmakemuchsenseif
weweretosaypolitics
iswhatpoliticianssayitis,oreducationiswhatteacherssayitis.
simplistic
:
disapproving
toosimple;notcompleteorsufficientlythorough
Nothingmore.Nothingless.:
Assimpleasthat;nomore,noless.
insimilarfashion:
inthesimilarway;likewise;bythesimilartoken
3.Butifweweretotakethatapproach,onwhatbasiswouldwesaythatwehaven’t
beentoldenough?
Orthatastorythatshouldhavebeencoveredwasn
’t?
Orth
at
too
manystories
ofacertain
type
wereincluded?
Orthat
areporter
gaveaflagrantly
biasedaccount?
(Para.2)
Thefact
that
peopleareoftenunsatisfied
with
newsreporting
implies
that
people
havedifferentideasaboutwhatnewsshouldbe.
flagrantlybiased:
obviouslyandunquestionablybiased
4.Inmodifyingtheiranswer,mostwilladdthatthenewsis
“importantand
interestingthingsthathappenedthatday.
”Thishelpsalittlebutleavesopen
the
question
of
whatis“important
andinteresting
”andhowthat
isdecided.
(Para.
3)
It
isall
right
tosaythat
newsconsists
ofthe
important
things
that
happenedthat
day.Butimportanttowhom?
Inwhatsense?
Forwhatreason?
butleavesopenthequestion:
butdoesnotgiveananswertothequestion
5.Ofcourse,somepeoplewillsaythatthequestionofwhatisimportantandinterestingisnotintheleastproblematic.WhatthePresidentsaysordoesis
important;
wars
are
important,
rebellions,
employment
figures,
elections,
appointmentstotheSupremeCourt.(Para.4)
Thisisan
interesting
exampleof
hastygeneralization.
Itis
true
thatwhat
important
people
say
ordoisoften
important,but
wecan’t
jumpto
the
conclusion
thateverythingtheysayordoisalwaysimportant.Ontheotherhand,sometimes
evenwhathappenstosomeonecompletelyunknowncanescalatetoaseriouscrisis.
Peoplecallthat
“theButterflyEffect
.”
problematic:
causingaproblem;questionable;uncertain
6.Now,thereisagreatdealtobesaidforSaranWrap.(Para.4)Now,it’struethatSaranWrapisveryuseful.
7.SaranWrapisnotnews.ThecolorofLizTaylor
’swrapis.Orsosomepeople
believe.(Para.4)
Notethat
theauthors
aremakingawordplay
ontheword“wrap,”which
hasdifferent
meanings.
8.
Weshall
never
learn
about
these
people
either,
however
instructive
or
interestingtheirstoriesmayhavebeen.
(Para.5)
Wewillneverhearanythingaboutthesepeopleeither,nomatterhowinstructive
orinterestingtheirstoriesmayhavebeen.
instructive
:
providingknowledgeorinformation;educational
9.
Of
course,
there
are
some
events—theassassination
of
a
president,
an
earthquake,
etc.—thathavenearuniversal
interest
andconsequences.
Butmostnews
doesnotinhereintheevent.
(Para.6)
toinhereinsth.:
formal
tobeanaturalpartofsth.;tobeinherentinsth.
10.Infact,thenewsismoreoftenmaderatherthangathered.(Para.6)
Infact,oftenthenewsisnotsomethingoutthereforyoutopickup;youhavetodecidewhatinformationisnewsworthyandmakeitintonews.
11.IsastoryaboutakillinginNorthernIrelandmoreimportantthanoneabout
akillinginMorocco?
(Para.6)
ForAmericansofIrishbackground,theanswerwillmostlikelybeyes.Itissaid
thattherelativeimportanceofaneventisoftendeterminedbytherelativedistanceofitsoccurrencetothepersoninvolved.
12.⋯everynewsstoryisareflectionofthereporterwhotellsthestory.The
reporter’spreviousassumptionsaboutwhatis
“outthere
”editwhatheorshe
thinksisthere.(Para.6)
If
newsstories
werejust
facts,
andfacts
speakfor
themselves,
then
all
newsstories,
though
written
bydifferent
people,
would
bethesame.But
newsstories
areactually
alldifferentbecauseeverynewsstoryisareflectionofthereporterwhotells
thestory,andeveryreporterhaspreviousassumptions(beliefs,pointsofview,
andbiases)whichaffectwhathe/shethinksisthere.
toedit:
todecidewhatwillbeincludedorleftout,aseditorsdoinpreparing,
printing,broadcasting,etc.
13.Theanswersto
allof
these
questions,
as
well
as
to
otherquestions
aboutthe
event,
dependentirely
onthepoint
of
viewof
the
journalist.
Youmight
think
this
is
anexaggeration,
that
reporters,
irrespective
oftheir
assumptions,
canat
least
getthefactsstraight.(Para.7)
irrespectiveof:
regardlessof;withoutthinkingaboutorconsidering
All
government
officials,
irrespective
of
their
rank,
mustdisclose
their
property.
Wepursuethediplomaticpolicyofthefiveprinciplesofpeacefulcoexistencein
ourre
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