英语语义学论文.docx
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英语语义学论文.docx
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英语语义学论文
西南大学研究生课程考试
答卷纸
考试科目语义学
院、所、中心外国语学院
专业或专业领域英语语言文学
研究方向认知语言学
级别2011级
学年2011—2012
学期第一学期
姓名翟蕾
学号***************
类别全日制硕士
(①全日制博士②全日制硕士③教育硕士④高师硕士
⑤工程硕士⑥农推硕士⑦兽医硕士⑧进修)
年月日
研究生院(筹)制
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④课程论文
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Abstract:
Asweallknow,prepositionisoneofthemostactivewordclasseswithvitalsignificanceinboththeEnglishandChineselanguages.“Cong”isusedfrequentlyinmodernChinese;andinEnglish,“from”isusedfrequently,too.HavingagoodmasteroftherespectivesemanticfunctionsandmakingcognitivesemanticstudiesofthesymmetriesandasymmetriesoftheirrespectivesemanticfunctionswithoutnodoubtenableEnglishlearnerstoapplytheoryintopracticeandacquirethe
Englishusagewell.
Keywords:
Englishpreposition“from”,Chinesepreposition“cong”,cognitive,semanticfunction
摘要:
总所周知,英汉两种语言中,介词均属于最重要的虚词之一。
“从”和“from”分别是英语与汉语中常用的高频介词。
分别对这两个介词语义功能的有效掌握和对它们语义功能的对称性以及非对称性的认知研究无疑能使英语学习者将理论运用到实际中,并很好掌握其用法。
关键词:
英语介词“from”,中文介词“从”,认知,语义功能
ACognitiveSemanticComparative
StudyofChinesePreposition“Cong”andEnglishPreposition“from”
1.Introduction
AccordingtoQuirketal.(1985:
657-659),inthemostgeneralterms,aprepositionexpressesarelationbetweentwoentities,onebeingthatrepresentedbytheprepositionalcomplement,theotherbyanotherpartofthesentence.DaiWeidongandHeZhaoxiong(2002)statethattheEnglishprepositionshavebeenreferredtoasbeingclosedclasswordssincebrand-newwordsarenotusuallyaddedtothemsothatalltheirmemberscanbeenumerated.ItisalsothesamecasewiththeChineseprepositions.Curme(1931)tellsusthattheEnglishlanguagecontains286prepositionsintotal,butinChinesethefrequentlyusedprepositionsarenomorethan30.AsisacclaimedbySvartvic(1998),almostinanyEnglishtext,prepositionsoccurasoftenasinonewordineveryeight.Thoughsmallinnumber,EnglishtogetherwithChineseprepositionsareofvitalimportance.TheEnglishpreposition“from”andtheChinesepreposition“cong”aretwomostcommonlyseenandfrequentlyusedprepositionsinEnglishandChineserespectively.HavingabetterunderstandingoftheirdictionarymeaningsandmakingacomprehensivecognitionoftheirdifferencesneverfailtoenablelearnerstomastertheEnglishlanguageonadeeperlevel.
2.TheRespectiveSemanticFunctionsofEnglishPreposition“from”andChinesePreposition“Cong”
2.1TheSemanticFunctionsofEnglishPreposition“from”
Inaccordancewiththeexplanationsoftheentry“from”intheOxfordAdvancedLearner’sDictionary(SallyWehmeier,1997),theEnglishpreposition“from”possessesfourteenexplanationswhichcanbedividedintothefollowingsevensemanticfunctions.
Thefirstandforemostfunctionistoshowwheresomebodyorsomethingstarts.Itcanbethestartingpointofanything,suchasaperiodoftime,aplace,aresource,alimitation,arangeandadevelopment.Forexample:
(1)fromadulthood(从成年起)
(2)HasthetrainfromBristolarrived?
(从布里斯托尔开来的火车到了没有?
)
(3)Beesaregoingfromflowertoflower.(蜜蜂正逐花飞行。
)
(4)jump(down)fromawall(从墙上跳下)
(5)Maryreceivedadollfromherfather.(玛丽从父亲那得到一个洋娃娃。
)
(6)HecomesfromFrance.(他来自法国。
)
(7)Thingshavegonefrombadtoworse.(事情愈来愈糟了。
)
Thesecondoneistoshowthereasonformakingajudgment.Attentionshouldbegiventotheinstancebelow.
(8)Youcantellalotaboutapersonfromtheirhandwriting.(根据一个人的笔迹可以了解很多关于他的情况。
)
(9)judgefromappearance(从外表判断)
Thirdly,theEnglishpreposition“from”arecapableofdemonstratingthereasonforsomething.Takethefollowingsentenceforexample.
(10)Shefeltsickfromtiredness.(她累得浑身不对劲。
)
Additionally,theEnglishpreposition“from”alsoenablestheuserstodistinguishbetweentwopeopleorthings.Payattention.
(11)IsPortugueseverydifferentfromSpanish?
(葡萄牙语与西班牙语区别很大吗?
)
(12)Icannottellonetwinfromtheother.(我分辨不出双胞胎中谁是谁。
)
Moreover,themeaningofindicatingthematerialthatsomethingismadeofisincludedintheEnglishentry“from”.Withthefollowinginstanceonecanefficientlyunderstandit.
(13)Steelismadefromiron.(钢是由铁炼成的。
)
ThesixfunctionliesinthattheEnglishpreposition“from”isabletoexpressthemeaningofexhibitingthatsomethingorsomebodyisseparatedorremoved.Greatimportanceshouldbeattachedtotheinstanceconcerned.
(14)Thepartywasoutstedfrompoweraftereighteenyears.(该党执政十八年后被赶下台。
)
Thelastbutnottheleastone:
toshowhowfaraparttwoplacesare.Forexample:
(15)100metersfromthesceneoftheaccident(离事故现场100米)
2.2TheSemanticFunctionsofChinesePreposition“Cong”
WhenitcomestothesemanticfunctionsoftheChinesepreposition“cong”,LvShuxiang(1994)introducesinhisworkEightHundredWordsinModernChinesethattherearemainlythreesemanticfunctionsofit.Theyareasfollows.
Tobeginwith,theChinesepreposition“cong”isabletoindicatethestartofsomething.Thatis,thestartofaplace,aspellingoftime,aresource,ascopeandadevelopmentetc.Thefollowingexampleswillhelpusfullyunderstandit.
(16)小王刚从北京回来
(17)从早到晚
(18)从头到尾
(19)从无到有
Furthermore,theChinesepreposition“cong”neverfailstodemonstratethepathandplacesomeoneorsomethingpassesthough.Payattentiontothesentencesbelow.
(20)从水路运输货物
Thelastaspect,thesemanticfunctionoftheChinesepreposition“cong”alsoresidesinthatitcanrefertothemeansbywhicharesultisachievesorthefactfollowsoragreeswithsomething.Forinstance:
(21)一切从实际出发
3.ACognitiveSemanticComparativeStudy
ThroughthecomparisonbetweentheEnglishentry“from”andtheChinesepreposition“cong”,itisclear-cutthatthesemanticfunctionsofthetwoprepositionshavethecharacteristicofsymmetry,namely,thefirstsemanticfunctionof“from”isonsymmetryofthefirstandsecondsemanticfunctionsof“cong”,indicatingthestartofsomething;thesecondsemanticfunctionof“from”issymmetricaltothethirdoneof“cong”withthefactconcerneddemonstrated.Meanwhile,thethirdtothesevensemanticfunctionsoftheEnglishentry“from”areofasymmetrytotheChinesepreposition“cong”aswell.
3.1TheCognitiveComparisonoftheSymmetricalSemanticFunctions
Firstofall,fromthesemanticfunctionsoftheEnglishpreposition“from”togetherwiththeChinesepreposition“cong”,itcannotbemoreobviousthatthetwobothindicatethestartofsomething.Fromtheperspectiveofcognition,either“from”or“cong”alwaysdenotesthechangeofthespacerelationship,itcanbeexpressedby“beginning-route-objective”.Thespaceconditionbeforethechangeisthebeginning.Bythemetaphoricalcognitiondoesoneknowthat“from”and“cong”notonlyexpressthebeginningofthespaceconcept,butalsoshowthenotionsoftimeorotherscopes,thoughtheirspecificmeaningsdiffertosomedegree.Forexample:
Thepreposition“from”inthefirstexampleimpliesthemeaningof“fromsometimeon”.Introducingatimepoint,“From”impliesthenotionsofmovingandgoingahead.YettheChinesepreposition“cong”doesnotpossesssuchanimplicationsothatitmustbeaddedby“qi(起)”toshowthemarchoftime.
Inexample(4),theexactmeaningof“from”is“fromtheaboveofsomething”,fortheEnglishentry“from”itselfpossessesthemeaningofdirection.However,theChinesepreposition“cong”canmerelyshowsthespacerelationshipandisunabletodirecttheexactspaceposition.
“From”containsasenseof“fromsomebody”inthefifthinstance.Since“from”neverfailstoindicatethespaceposition,when“from”followssomebodyitisendowedwithasenseofspace,while“cong”onlysignifiesthechangeofspacelocationand“naer(那儿)”isanecessaryaddingtoit.
Inexample(6),“from”presentsthemeaningof“fromsomewhere”.Because“from”surelycontainsthemessagethatremarksthedynamicstatesofmovingandgoingahead,thereisnodoubtthatitownsasignificanceofdynamicsoraction;“cong”,onthecontrary,possessesasenseofstaticstatealoneandifadynamicmeaningisexpressed,“lai(来)”hastobeusedinstead.
Besides,thefirstsemanticfunctionof“from”signifyingthestartofsomethingisofsymmetrytothesecondsemanticfunctionof“cong”showingrouteorplaceofsomethinglikewise.Takethefollowingtwosentencesforexample.
(3)Beesaregoingfromflowertoflower.(蜜蜂正逐花飞行。
)
(20)从水路运输货物
Itissensiblethatthepassedrouteandplacecanstillbeconsideredtoasortofbeginning,forthereasonthatthisofsemanticfunctionof“cong”isextendedfromthesemanticfunctionof“thestartofsomething”.TheEnglishandChinesehavetheirowndistinguishableemphasis.Theformeremphasizestheaspectof“thestartofsomething”andthelatterattachesimportancetotheprocessof“passing”.“水路”inexampletwentyand“flower(花)”inexamplethreecanbothbeenseenasthebeginningoftherouteandplaceonepassesaswellasthebeginningoftherouteandplacethatanactionoriginates.
Inaddition,boththesemanticfunctionsoftheEnglishpreposition“from”andtheChinesepreposition“cong”arecapableofdenotingthebasis.Itcanbeembodiedinexampletwenty-oneandnineinEnglishandChineserespectively.
(9)judgefromappearance(从外表判断)
(21)一切从实际出发
The“appearance”inexamplenineand“实际”inexampletwenty-one,bothresourcesofmentalbases,respectivelyarethebasesandevidenceoftheverbs“judge”and“出发”.
“From”and“cong”canundoubtedlyexhibitthechangeofthedynamicspacerelationship.Accordingtothe“beginning-route-objective”intentiona
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