RoeVWade英文及中文.docx
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RoeVWade英文及中文.docx
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RoeVWade英文及中文
Roe-V.Wade英文及中文
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woman'sbody,werelimitedtothosethatnarrowlyandpreciselypromotedrealmaternalhealthconcerns.Afterthepointofviability,thestatewasfreetobanabortionortakeotherstepstopromoteitsinterestinprotectingfetallife.Evenafterthatpoint,however,thestate'sinterestintheviablefetusmustyieldtothewoman'srighttohaveanabortiontoprotectherhealthandlife.
ImmediatelyfollowingtheRoedecision,thosewhodidnotwanttoseewomenparticipateequallyinsocietyweregalvanized.ThefarrightinitiatedapoliticalonslaughtthathasresultedinnumerousstateandfederalabortionrestrictionsandcontributedtoachangedSupremeCourt,ideologicallybentonevisceratingRoe.Therighttochoosebecamethetargetofnotonlythereligiousright,butalsoright-wingpoliticiansandjudgeswhousedtheRoedecisiontoattackthe"judicialactivism"oftheSupremeCourtanditspurportedfailuretoadheretothetextoftheConstitutionandthe"ori
ginalintent"ofitsframers.ThisbacklashreacheditspeakduringthethreetermsofPresidentsReaganandBush.Beginningin1983,theU.S.solicitorgeneralroutinelyurgedtheSupremeCourt,onbehalfofthefederalgovernment,tooverturnRoe.Inaddition,whenappointingSupremeCourtjustices,ReaganandBushusedoppositiontoRoeasalitmustest.Duringthistwelve-yearperiod,fivejustices-O'Connor,Scalia,Kennedy,Souter,andThomas-wereappointed.Notoneofthesefive,whostillconstituteamajorityontheCourttoday,supportsthe"strictscrutiny"standardofreviewestablishedbyRoe.
TheDismantlingofRoe
ShortlyaftertheRoedecision,statelegislaturesbeganpassinglawsinhopesofcreatingexceptionstoitoropeningupareasoflawthatRoedidnotdirectlyaddress.Nootherrighthasbeenfrontallyattackedandsosuccessfullyundermined,andallinthecourseoftwodecades——thesametwodecadesthatsustainedadvancesinotherareasofwomen'srights,includingeducationandemployment.
Teenagerswerethefirstsuccessfultarget.In1979theCourtendorsedstatelawsthatrequiredparentalconsent,aslongastheywereaccompaniedbyacomplicatedsystemwherebyminorscouldasserttheirprivacyrightsbyrequestingahearingbeforeastatejudgeonwhethertheywere"mature"oranabortionwasintheirbestinterests(Bellottiv.Baird)。
ThenextassaultonRoewasdirectedatlow-incomewomen.In1980theHydeAmendment,whichprohibitedMedicaidfromcoveringmostabortions,wasupheldbytheSupremeCourtbya5-4margin(Harrisv.McRae)。
TheCourtabandonedtheneutralityrequiredinRoe,findingthat,forpoorwomen,governmentcouldpromotechildbearingoverabortion,solongasitdidsobymanipulatingwomenthroughpublicfundingschemes,notcriminallaws.
DissentinginCityofAkronv.AkronCenterforReproductiveHealth(1983),JusticeO'ConnorcalledforaradicalerosionofRoeandproposedthatalesserstandardofconstitutionalprotectionforchoicebeestablished,calledthe"undueburden"standard,inplaceofthe"strictscrutiny"test.By1989,afterthearrivalofJusticesKennedyandScaliaandtheelevationofWilliamRehnquisttochiefjustice,therewerenolongerfivevotestopreservereproductivechoiceasafundamentalconstitutionalright.TheCourt'srulinginWebsterv.ReproductiveHealthServices(1989)demonstratedthisnewrealitywhenfivejusticesexpressedhostilitytowardRoeindifferingdegreesandessentiallycalledforstatestopasslegislationbanningabortioninordertotestthelaw.
Threeyearslater,inCasey,thestrictjudicialscrutinyestablishedinRoewasfinallyabandonedinapluralityopinionofJusticesO'Connor,KennedyandSouter.AlthoughtheCourtsaiditwasnotoverturningRoe'scentralpremisethatabortionisafundamentalright,theCaseydecisionreplacedtheoriginal"strictscrutiny"standardgoverningotherfundamentalrightsfortheweakandconfusingundueburdenstandard.Thisopenedthedoortoahostofstateandfederalcriminalrestrictionsdesignedtosteerwomenawayfromabortionandtopromotetherightsofthefetusthroughoutpregnancy.Over300criminalabortionrestrictionshavebeenenactedbylegislaturesinthepastsixyearsalone,noneofwhichwouldhavebeenconstitutionalundertheoriginalRoedecision.
TheFourPillarsofRoe
TheRoeopinionwasgroundedonfourconstitutionalpillars:
(1)thedecisiontohaveanabortionwasaccordedthehighestlevelofconstitutionalprotectionlikeanyotherfundamentalconstitutionalright;
(2)thegovernmenthadtostayneutral;legislaturescouldnotenactlawsthatpushedwomentomakeonedecisionoranother;(3)intheperiodbeforethefetusisviable,thegovernmentmayrestrictabortiononlytoprotectawoman'shealth;(4)afterviability,thegovernmentmayprohi
bitabortion,butlawsmustmakeexceptionsthatpermitabortionwhennecessarytoprotectawoman'shealthorlife.
OnlytwoofthefourRoepillarsremaintodayasaresultoftheSupremeCourt's1992decisioninPlannedParenthoodofSoutheasternPennsylvaniav.Casey.Thisdecisionistheculminationofasteadydeclineinconstitutionalprotectionfortherighttoprivacy.Awoman'srighttochooseisstillconstitutionallyprotected,however,the"strictscrutiny"standardwasjettisonedinfavorofalesserstandardofprotectionforreproductivechoicecalled"undueburden."UnderCasey,stateandlocallawsthatfavorfetalrightsandburdenawoman'schoicetohaveabortionarepermitted,solongastheburdenisnot"undue."Nolongerdoesthestatehavetobeneutralinthechoiceofabortionorchildbearing.Nowthegovernmentisfreetopasslawsrestrictingabortionbasedon"morality,"acodewordforreligiousanti-abortionviews.Statesarenowpermittedtodisfavorabortionandpunishwomenseekingabortions,eventhosewhoareyoungandsick,withharassinglaws.
Roeinthe21stCentury
In2000,eightyearsaftertheCaseydecision,theCourtagreedtohearanothercasethatopenedupRoeforreexamination.Duringthatperiod,PresidentClintonhadappointedtwojustices,GinsburgandBreyer.ThefirstchallengetoRoeinthe21stcenturycameintheformofaNebraskabanonso-called"partial-birthabortion"broughtbytheCenterforReproductiveLawandPolicy.ThelanguageoftheNebraskaban——andthecookie-cutterversionspassedin30states——wassweepingandbroad,andcouldhaveincludedvirtuallyallabortionprocedures,eventhoseusedintheearlyweeksofpregnancy.Publicly,however,supportersofthesebanscamouflagedthisfactbyusingatermmadeupbytheNationalRight-to-Life
Committee——"partial-birthabortion"——andpretendingthatthebansweredesignedtopreventdoctorsfromusingoneparticularprocedure.
Ina5-4voteinthecaseStenbergv.Carhart(2000),theCourtstruckdowntheban,findingitanunconstitutionalviolationofRoeandCaseybyfailingtoincludeanexceptiontopreservethehealthofthewomanandbyimposinganundueburdenonawoman'sabilitytochooseanabortion.
Inaddition,theCourtdeterminedthattheeffectofthebanwentwellbeyondprohibitionsagainstso-called"lateterm"abortion,findingthebantobesobroadandvaguethatconstitutionallyprotectedabortionproceduresperformedbeforeviabilitycouldbeprohibited.Themajoritydecisionwasjoinedbyfourjustices,withfourseparatedissentingopinionsfiledbyChiefJusticeRehnquistandJusticesScalia,ThomasandKennedy.KennedypreviouslyhadsupportedtherighttochooseabortionintheCaseydecision.
The5-4voteinStenbergisanominoussignforRoe'sfuture.TheSupremeCourtisonlyonevoteawayfromoverturningRoe,whichwouldbeoneofthemostradicalactionstakeninthehistoryoftheCourt.WithoutRoe,lifeforAmericanwomenwouldbethrownmorethan30yearsinreverse,returningthemtothedayswhenwomencouldnotfullycontrolthenumberandspacingoftheirchildren.Withouttheabilitytomakethiskeydecision,womenwillbedeniedopportunitiestorealizetheirfutureandtakeadvantageofeducationalandcareeropportunities.
TheworldislookingtotheU.S.toestablishavisionofjusticeforthe21stcentury.Itisnotatimeforourpoliticalleaderstodividethisnationbyturningtheclockbackonwomen'shumanrights.
1WillardCates,Jr.,andRobertW.Rochat,IllegalAbortionsintheUnitedStates:
1972-74,8Fam.Plan.Persp.86,92(1976)(footnoteomitted)。
2SeeLawrenceLader,Abortion3(1966);Cates&Rochat,supra,at86-92;seealsoNancyBinkin,JulianGoldandWillardCates,Jr.,IllegalAbortionDeathsintheUnitedStates:
WhyAreTheySti
llOccuring?
14Fam.Plan.Persp.163,166(1982)(Roeresultedinadramaticdeclineindeathsduetoillegalabortion)。
JanetBenshoofisoneofthenation'sforemostexpertsonreproductiverightsandprivacylaw,andhasbeenadvocatingforwomen'shealthandequalityforovertwentyyears.BenshoofisthefounderandpresidentoftheCenterforReproductiveLawandPolicy,alegaladvocacyorganizationdedicatedtoadvancingandprotectingwomen'sreproductiverightsworldwide.
In2000,TheNationalLawJournallistedBenshoofasoneofthe"100MostInfluentialLawyersinAmerica",anhonorshehasreceivedseveraltimes.In1998,thatsamepublicationrecognizedBenshoofasoneofthe"50MostInfluentialWomenLawyers"intheUnitedStates.In1992,BenshoofreceivedtheprestigiousMacArthurFoundationfellowshipinrecognitionofhercontributiontowomen'sreproductivefreedom.BenshoofreceivedherjurisdoctorfromHarvardLawSchoolin1972.
Roev.Wade案的过去和现在
1973年1月22日美国最高法院否决了德克萨斯州刑事堕胎法,判定决定是否生育的权利是一项由美国宪法保证的基本权利。
Roev.Wade案件7:
2的判决对
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