华中科技大学学博士英语真题.docx
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华中科技大学学博士英语真题.docx
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华中科技大学学博士英语真题
Passage4(4/63)
Thefossilremainsofthefirstflyingvertebrates,thepterosaurs,haveintriguedpaleontologistsformorethantwocenturies.Howsuchlargecreatures,whichweighedinsomecasesasmuchasapilotedhang-gliderandhadwingspansfrom8to12meters,solvedtheproblemsofpoweredflight,andexactlywhatthesecreatureswere—reptilesorbirds—areamongthequestionsscientistshavepuzzledover.
Perhapstheleastcontroversialassertionaboutthepterosaursisthattheywerereptiles.Theirskulls,pelvises,andhindfeetarereptilian.Theanatomyoftheirwingssuggeststhattheydidnotevolveintotheclassofbirds.Inpterosaursagreatlyelongatedfourthfingerofeachforelimbsupportedawing-likemembrane.Theotherfingerswereshortandreptilian,withsharpclaws.Inbirdsthesecondfingeristheprincipalstrutofthewing,whichconsistsprimarilyoffeathers.Ifthepterosaurswalkedonallfours,thethreeshortfingersmayhavebeenemployedforgrasping.Whenapterosaurwalkedorremainedstationary,thefourthfinger,andwithitthewing,couldonlyturnupwardinanextendedinvertedV-shapealongeachsideoftheanimal’sbody.
Thepterosaursresembledbothbirdsandbatsintheiroverallstructureandproportions.Thisisnotsurprisingbecausethedesignofanyflyingvertebrateissubjecttoaerodynamicconstraints.Boththepterosaursandthebirdshavehollowbones,afeaturethatrepresentsasavingsinweight.Inthebirds,however,thesebonesarereinforcedmoremassivelybyinternalstruts.
Althoughscalestypicallycoverreptiles,thepterosaursprobablyhadhairycoats.T.H.Huxleyreasonedthatflyingvertebratesmusthavebeenwarm-bloodedbecauseflyingimpliesahighrateofmetabolism,whichinturnimpliesahighinternaltemperature.Huxleyspeculatedthatacoatofhairwouldinsulateagainstlossofbodyheatandmightstreamlinethebodytoreducedraginflight.Therecentdiscoveryofapterosaurspecimencoveredinlong,dense,andrelativelythickhairlikefossilmaterialwasthefirstclearevidencethathisreasoningwascorrect.
Effortstoexplainhowthepterosaursbecameairbornehaveledtosuggestionsthattheylaunchedthemselvesbyjumpingfromcliffs,bydroppingfromtrees,orevenbyrisingintolightwindsfromthecrestsofwaves.Eachhypothesishasitsdifficulties.Thefirstwronglyassumesthatthepterosaurs’hindfeetresembledabat’sandcouldserveashooksbywhichtheanimalcouldhanginpreparationforflight.Thesecondhypothesisseemsunlikelybecauselargepterosaurscouldnothavelandedintreeswithoutdamagingtheirwings.Thethirdcallsforhighwavestochannelupdrafts.Thewindthatmadesuchwaveshowever,mighthavebeentoostrongforthepterosaurstocontroltheirflightonceairborne.
Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatscientistsnowgenerallyagreethatthe
(A)enormouswingspanofthepterosaursenabledthemtoflygreatdistances
(B)structureoftheskeletonofthepterosaurssuggestsacloseevolutionaryrelationshiptobats
(C)fossilremainsofthepterosaursrevealhowtheysolvedtheproblemofpoweredflight
(D)pterosaurswerereptiles
(E)pterosaurswalkedonallfours
2.Theauthorviewstheideathatthepterosaursbecameairbornebyrisingintolightwindscreatedbywavesas
(A)revolutionary
(B)unlikely
(C)unassailable
(D)probable
(E)outdated
3.Accordingtothepassage,theskeletonofapterosaurcanbedistinguishedfromthatofabirdbythe
(A)sizeofitswingspan
(B)presenceofhollowspacesinitsbones
(C)anatomicoriginofitswingstrut
(D)presenceofhooklikeprojectionsonitshindfeet
(E)locationoftheshoulderjointjoiningthewingtoitsbody
4.TheideasattributedtoT.H.Huxleyinthepassagesuggestthathewouldmostlikelyagreewithwhichofthefollowingstatements?
(A)Ananimal’sbrainsizehaslittlebearingonitsabilitytomastercomplexbehaviors.
(B)Ananimal’sappearanceisofteninfluencedbyenvironmentalrequirementsandphysicalcapabilities.
(C)Animalswithinagivenfamilygroupareunlikelytochangetheirappearancedramaticallyoveraperiodoftime.
(D)Theoriginofflightinvertebrateswasanaccidentaldevelopmentratherthantheoutcomeofspecializationoradaptation.
(E)Thepterosaursshouldbeclassifiedasbirds,notreptiles.
Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestheorganizationofthelastparagraphofthepassage?
(A)Newevidenceisintroducedtosupportatraditionalpointofview.
(B)Threeexplanationsforaphenomenonarepresented,andeachisdisputedbymeansofspecificinformation.
(C)Threehypothesesareoutlined,andevidencesupportingeachisgiven.
(D)Recentdiscoveriesaredescribed,andtheirimplicationsforfuturestudyareprojected.
LSAT第27套SECTIONI
Mostofficeworkersassumethatthemessagestheysendtoeachotherviaelectronicmailareasprivateasatelephonecalloraface-to-facemeeting.Thatassumptioniswrong.Althoughitisillegalinmanyareasforanemployertoeavesdroponprivateconversationsortelephonecalls—eveniftheytakeplaceonacompany-ownedtelephone—therearenoclearrulesgoverningelectronicmail.Infact,thequestionofhowprivateelectronicmailtransmissionsshouldbehasemergedasoneofthemorecomplicatedlegalissuesoftheelectronicage.
People’sopinionsaboutthedegreeofprivacythatelectronicmailshouldhavevarydependingonwhoseelectronicmailsystemisbeingusedandwhoisreadingthemessages.Doesagovernmentoffice,forexample,havetherighttodestroyelectronicmessagescreatedinthecourseofrunningthegovernment,therebydenyingpublicaccesstosuchdocuments?
Someholdthatgovernmentofficesshouldissueguidelinesthatallowtheirstafftodeletesuchelectronicrecords,anddefendthispracticebyclaimingthatthemessagesthusdeletedalreadyexistinpaperversionswhosedestructionisforbidden.Opponentsofsuchpracticesarguethatthepaperversionsoftenomitsuchinformationaswhoreceivedthemessagesandwhentheyreceivedthem,informationcommonlycarriedonelectronicmailsystems.Governmentofficials,opponentsmaintain,arecivilservants;thepublicshouldthushavetherighttoreviewanydocumentscreatedduringtheconductingofgovernmentbusiness.
Questionsaboutelectronicmailprivacyhavealsoarisenintheprivatesector.Recently,twoemployeesofanautomotivecompanywerediscoveredtohavebeencommunicatingdisparaginginformationabouttheirsupervisorviaelectronicmail.Thesupervisor,whohadbeenmonitoringthecommunication,threatenedtofiretheemployees.Whentheemployeesfiledagrievancecomplainingthattheirprivacyhadbeenviolated,theywereletgo.Later,theircourtcaseforunlawfulterminationwasdismissed;thecompany’slawyerssuccessfullyarguedthatbecausethecompanyownedthecomputersystem,itssupervisorshadtherighttoreadanythingcreatedonit.
Insomeareas,lawsprohibitoutsideinterceptionofelectronicmailbyathirdpartywithoutproperauthorizationsuchasasearchwarrant.However,theselawsdonotcover“inside”interceptionsuchasoccurredattheautomotivecompany.Inthepast,courtshaveruledthatinterofficecommunicationsmaybeconsideredprivateonlyifemployeeshavea“reasonableexpectation”ofprivacywhentheysendthemessages.Thefactisthatnoabsoluteguaranteeofprivacyexistsinanycomputersystem.Theonlysolutionmaybeforuserstoscrambletheirownmessageswithencryptioncodes;unfortunately,suchcomplexcodesarelikelytounderminetheprincipalvirtueofelectronicmail:
itsconvenience.
1.Whichoneofthefollowingstatementsmostaccuratelysummarizesthemainpointofthepassage?
(A)Untilthelegalquestionssurroundingtheprivacyofelectronicmailinboththepublicandprivatesectorshavebeenresolved,officeworkerswillneedtoscrambletheirelectronicmailmessageswithencryptioncodes.
(B)Thelegalquestionssurroundingtheprivacyofelectronicmailintheworkplacecanbestberesolvedbytreatingsuchcommunicationsasiftheywereasprivateastelephoneconversationsorface-to-facemeetings.
(C)Anyattempttoresolvethelegalquestionssurroundingtheprivacyofelectronicmailintheworkplacemusttakeintoaccounttheessentialdifferencebetweenpublic-sectorandprivatesectorbusiness.
(D)Atpresent,inboththepublicandprivatesectors,thereseemtobenocleargeneralanswerstothelegalquestionssurroundingtheprivacyofelectronicmailintheworkplace.
(E)Thelegalquestionssurroundingtheprivacyofelectronicmailintheworkplaceofelectronicmailintheworkplacecanbestberesolvedbyallowingsupervisorsinpublic-sectorbutnotprivate-sectorofficestomonitortheiremployees’communications.
2.Accordingtothepassage,whichoneofthefollowingbestexpressesthereasonsomepeopleusetoopposethedeletionofelectronicmailrecordsatgovernmentoffices?
(A)Suchdeletionrevealstheextentofgovernment’sunhealthyobsessionwithsecrecy.
(B)Suchdeletionrunscountertothenotionofgovernment’saccountabilitytoitsconstituency.
(C)Suchdeletionclearlyviolatesthelegalrequirementthatgovernmentofficeskeepduplicatecopiesofalltheirtransactions.
(D)Suchdeletionviolatesthegovernment’sownguidelinesagainstdestructionofelectronicrecords.
(E)Suchdeletionharmsrelationsbetweengovernmentemployeesandtheirsupervisors.
3.Whichoneofthefollowingmostaccuratelystatestheorganizationofthepassage?
(A)Aproblemisintroduced,followedbyspecificexamplesillustratingtheproblem:
apossiblesolutionissuggested,followedbyanacknowledgmentofitsshortcomings.
(B)Aproblemisintroduced,followedbyexplica
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