可持续城市景观设计外文文献翻译中英文.docx
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可持续城市景观设计外文文献翻译中英文.docx
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可持续城市景观设计外文文献翻译中英文
可持续城市景观设计外文翻译2019
英文
SustainableUrbanLandscapePractices:
ANewConcepttoReduceEcologicalDegradation.
ManjariRai
Abstract-Urbanizationisaninevitableprocessofdevelopmentofhumansocietyandanoutcomeofeconomicdevelopmentandscientificandtechnologicalprogress.Whileurbanizationprocessinpromotingthedevelopmentofhumancivilization,alsonodoubt,urbanlandscapehasbeenacorrespondingimpact.Urbanenvironmenthassufferedunprecedenteddamagemajorlyduetotheincreaseinurbanpopulationdensityandheavymigrationrate,trafficcongestionandenvironmentalpollution.Allthishavehoweverledtoamajorecologicaldegradationandimbalance.Aslandsareusedfortherapidandunplannedurbanization,thegreenlandsarediminishedandseverepollutioniscreatedbywasteproducts.Plastic,themostalarmingwasteatlandfillsites,isyetuncontrolled.Therefore,initiativesmustbetakentoreduceplasticmediatedpollutionandincreasegreenapplication.However,increasinggreenlandisnotpossibleduetothelandfillbyurbanstructures.Inordertocreateaharmoniousenvironment,sustainabledevelopmentintheurbanlandscapebecomesamatterofprimefocus.Thispaperthusdiscussestheconceptofecologicaldesigncombinedwiththeurbanlandscapedesign,greenlandscapedesignonurbanstructuresandsustainabledevelopmentthroughtheuseofrecyclablewastematerialswhichisalsoalowcostingapproachofurbanlandscapedesign.
IndexTerms—sustainable,urban,landscape,ecologicalbalance.
1INTRODUCTION
Landscapeembodieshumanoutlook,values,ethicsandmoralandreflectspeoplesloveandhate,desireanddreamsintheland.Today,landscapehasbecomeanindispensablepartofcontemporaryurbanlife.Fromtheperspectiveofmodernpeople,wearesupposedtoprotectenvironmentinaccordancewiththelawsofecologyinordertoensuresustainabledevelopment.Withtherapiddevelopmentofmankindandurbanization,landscapestructuresofcitieshavebeenaffectedaccordingly.Cityenvironmentsuffersunprecedentedhazards,suchasairpollution,shortageofwaterresources,highpopulationdensity,urbantrafficcongestion,shortageofresourcesandsoon.Architectureisalwaysinadilemmawhenittriestoachievethedoubleobjectivesofcreatingitsownvalueandmanifestingtheharmoniouswiththecityaswell.Nowadays,inthefaceofproblemscausedbytheprocessofurbanism,suchasdestructionofecology,lossofculturalcharacteristics,fragmentationofurbantissue,contemporaryarchitecturehasbeenstronglyinfluencedbytheconceptsandmethodsoflandscape,whichgiveanotherpossibilitybeyondthedualism
2.1Sustainabilityandenvironment
Sustainableplanninganddesignfocusonpromotingrecyclingandachievinganecologicalbalance.Itmajorlytalksaboutdesigningnatureinaverynaturalway.SimVanderRynandStuartCownfirstproposedthedefinitionofecologicaldesign:
anycoordinationwiththeecologicalprocesses,asfaraspossibledamagetotheenvironmentoftheirreachminimaldesignintheform,isreferredtoaseco-design.
Thiscoordinationmeansthatthedesignrespectsspeciesdiversity,reducethedeprivationofresources,maintainingnutritionandwatercirculationtomaintainplantandanimalhabitats,habitatquality,andhelpimprovethelivingenvironmentandthehealthofecosystems.Ecologicalplanninganddesignfollowthe4Rprinciple-reduction(reduction),re-use(reuse),recycling(recycle),renewable(renewable).
2.2Ecologyandenvironment
Sustainabledevelopmentaimsatmeetingcurrentneedswithoutcompromisingtheabilityoffuturegenerationsmeetingtheirdevelopmentneeds.Sustainabledevelopmentalsomeansthemaintenance,rationaluseandimprovementofthenaturalresourcebasewhichsupportsthepressureresistanceofecologicalbasisandeconomicgrowth.Thesustainabledesignisessentiallyaregenerateddesignbasedonaself-renewalcapacityofnaturalsystems,includinghowtointerfereanddestroytheself-regenerativecapacityofnaturalsystemsaslittleaspossible,howtoenhancetheregenerationcapacityofdamagedlandscapeasmuchaspossible,andhowtominimizeadesignbymeansofmaximizingthenaturalregenerationcapacity.Theseleadtoasustainablelandscape.
2.3Eco-city:
anintegratedconcept
Roselandarguesthattheeco-cityisaparticularstructureconsistedbynumerousseeminglyunrelatedelements,includingurbandesign,lifestyle,economicimprovement,physicalenvironment,popularity,andsocialsystem[xi].ItisanimportantargumentofYuthataneco-cityshouldbeaprocessofdeliveringintegratedsocial,economicandenvironmentaldevelopment[xiii].Morespecifically,Songdescribessixfundamentalprinciplesofestablishingecologicalcity,includingsustainabilityconcept;individualsaspriority;beingharmonywitheconomy,societyandenvironment;emphasizinghealthyeconomicenvironment;stimulatinginnovationandoverallplanning[xii].Theseviewsshowthattheeco-cityconceptintegratesculture,naturalandsocialeconomyintoawholedevelopmentapproach.
Currently,climatechangeisthemajorchallengetoanecofriendlyenvironmentalestablishment.Becauseoftheextremeweather,theenergyshortageandoverutilizationofrawmaterials,thepriceofnaturalresourcesisrisingsharply.Additionally,watershortageisaconsiderablechallengetotheeco-citydevelopment.Thissituationismainlycausedbyexcessiveuse,lowefficiency,pollutionanddestructionofvegetation.Duetothesignificantlyimportantroleofcleanwaterinthecity,waterscarcitycanbeagreatchallengeoftheecologicalconstruction.Moreover,pollutionofair,water,soilandotherareasbringsenormouschallengeofecologicalurbanenvironment.Notonlydestroysthebiologicalbalance,thepollutionmayalsocausenegativeeffectsonhumanbeings.Thereisatendencythatpollutionisaseveredamagetoindividuals,leadingtophysicaldiseasesandmentalillness.
3IDEASTOREDUCEECOLOGICALDEGRADATIONINURBANLANDSCAPEDESIGN
Ecologicallandscapedesignisbasicallytomaximizetheuseofnatureandtoimproveregenerationcapacityofnaturesystem.Tooptimizeecosystemasmuchaspossibleinlandscapedesignistheultimategoaloflandscapedesignersinthepresenttimes.
Basedonthemethodsofecologicaldesign,designersshouldpursuetomaximizethecombinationofdesignandenvironmentratherthanonlyoneofthem.Intheactualurbanlandscapedesigns,landscapeecologyandconstructionoptimizelandscapepatternandprocess,reducingUrbanheatislandeffect,waterresourcesconsumption,waterenvironmentaldeteriorationandglobalwarmingandsoon.Asexcellentcontemporarylandscapearchitects,weshouldavoiddesigningonlyfordesignandtrytomakefulluseoftheoriginalelementsofnature.Butwecannotbeshackledbythenaturalelements.Inourdesign,wedoourbesttouserenewablerawmaterialsandreusethematerialsonthesite,maximizingthepotentialofmaterialstoreduceproduction,processingandtransportofmaterialsandreduceconstructionwaste,andretainsomecharacteristicsoflocaltraditionalculture.
CertainsuggestivemethodsforEco-sensitivelandscapeDesign:
1)Theretentionandre-useofthesite:
Fullyrespectingoriginalappearanceofthesite,retainingitsoriginalelementsandreusingtheoriginalmaterialnotonlysavehandlingmaterialsandavoidproducing,processingandtransportingthosematerialsbutalsoreducethedestructionoftheecologicalenvironment.
2)PrioritytorecyclingmaterialsandEco-efficiencyBasedonlocalmaterials,promotetheuseofgreenmaterials.Strivetofindadurable,locallyproduced,low-maintenance,andlowconsumedmaterials.Theapproachofusingrecyclablematerialandgreenlandscapingcangivealotofbeneficialeffectinperspectiveoftoday’sscenario.Itcanbestartedeasilyfromthewastewithoutinvestmentandapplicationoftechnicalsensecanconvertthepollutedplacestoagreencity,therebyreducingtheloadinlandfillsites.Createavirtuouscycleofterrestrialecosystems.Transformthe"waste"moldintoanewlandscapethroughtherecyclingofmaterialsandresourceandtherebyminimizethedemandtonewmaterialsaswellasreducethedemandofenergyrequiredforproductionofmaterialobtaine
3)Conservationandpreservationofnonrenewableresource:
Wecanreducetheconsumptionofnon-renewableenergysourcesasmuchaspossiblethroughscienceandtechnology,andwidelyuserenewableenergyinnaturesuchassolar,wind,etc.,toadapttomodernecologyenvironment.TakeTiloniavillage,Rajasthan,Indiaasanexample.Awelllaidoutvillagewhichplansandpreservesthenaturalresourcesthroughtheuseofalternateenergyresourcesinthebuildings.Alsotermedasbarefootcollege.
4)Reuseofcertainspecificbuildingelementsfromdilapidatedanddungeonsite:
Reusingcertainspecificbuildingelementsfromoldanddilapidatedsitescanbeagreatapproachtowardssustainabledevelopment.Apartfromreducingtheloadonconstructiondebrisandlandfillsites,itcanbeagreatwaytorestoreandreviveourpastglory.CertainspecificcitiesfromRajasthan(India),whichhadagloriouspast,arenowintoruins.Theyhadbeautifulhavelisandlandscapedgardens,whichnowareinadilapidatedconditionduetoillmaintenance.However,5)Revivalandrestoration:
waterbodies,naturalwoodlands,landscapedgardens,Kunds,baories,inlandpublicspaces,whichwereactingasmajoractiveandrecreationzonesforlocalcommunitiesintheyesteryears,havecomeundermajorstressthesedaysduetomassiveurbanization.EspeciallysomeoftheIndiancities(jaipur,Varanasietc)which,arenowfacing
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