四级语法详解.docx
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四级语法详解.docx
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四级语法详解
Vocabulary&StructureofCET-4
I.虚拟语气(SubjunctiveMood)
1.在名词性从句中的用法
Ø在主语从句中的用法:
常在Itis/was开头的主语从句中,表示命令.要求.建议等,谓语动词为“should+v.”或省略should只用动词原形。
常见的形容词,过去分词有:
vital,urgent,important,necessary,essential,advisable,best,proper,decided,ordered,(wish—n.)等。
e.g.1.Itisimportantthatthehotelreceptionist________thatguestsareregisteredcorrectly.(2001.1)
A.hasmadesureB.madesure
C.mustmakesureD.makesure
2.It’sourwishthathe__________soon.
A.recoveredB.wouldrecover
C.shouldrecoverD.willrecover
3.It’sessentialthattheseapplicationforms________backasearlyaspossible.(1998.6)
A.mustbesentB.aresent
C.willbesentD.besent
Ø在以it为形式宾语的复合从句中,表示要求.建议等仍用此虚拟语气。
e.g.Ithinkitadvisablethathe(should)havehiscarserviced.
Weconsideritnecessarythatameeting(should)beheld.
2.在宾语从句中的用法:
有些表示建议.命令.要求等动词后的宾语从句要用虚拟语气,如:
suggest,propose,recommend,demand,order,command,desire,require,requestinsist,stipulate,advise,decide,direct等后宾语从句要用should+V.或should可省略。
此外,由上述动词派生或转化来的名词suggestion,proposal,recommendation,demand,order,request,requirement,stipulation,advice,decision等词的同位语从句或表语从句中,谓语动词也要用虚拟。
e.g.1.Mike’suncleinsists__________inthishotel.(2000.1)
A.stayingnotB.nottostay
C.thathewouldnotstayD.thathenotstay
2.Thesuggestionthatthemayor__________theprizeswasacceptedbyeveryone.(2000.6)
A.wouldpresentB.oughttopresent
C.presentD.presents
3.Peter,whohadbeendrivingallday,suggested_________atthenexttown.(2000.6)
A.stopB.tostopC.stoppingD.havingstopped
(注:
suggest作为“建议”可用与三个句型a)suggestdoing
b)suggest+n.c)宾语从句(虚拟))
Øasif/asthough
1)从句中用were型虚拟形式,表示从句的动作与主句动作同时发生。
e.g.Youlookasifyouhadatoothache.
HetreatsmeasifIwereastranger.
2)从句中用hadbeen型,表示从句的动作先于主句的动作发生。
e.g.Helooksasifhehadbeenill?
Whyisshelookingatmeasthoughshehadseenmebefore?
ØIncase,forfearthat,lest(以免)引导,动词用shouldbe型或be型虚拟形式。
e.g.Hetookanumbrellawithhimincase/lesthe(should)becaughtintherain.
*Whilecrossingthemountainarea,allthemencarriedgunslestthey__________bywildanimals.(2002.12)
A.shouldbeattackedB.hadbeenattacked
C.mustbeattackedD.wouldbeattacked
ØWish后的宾语从句
1)表示对现在情况的虚拟,用“were”型
Iwishitwerespringnow!
Wewishwecouldaffordtobuyanewcar.
*SometimesIwishI_________inadifferenttimeandadifferentplace.
A.belivingB.wereliving
C.wouldliveD.wouldhavelived
2)表示对过去情况的虚拟,通常用hadbeen型
IwishIhadn’tspentsomuchmoney!
3)表示对将来的主观愿望,常用would型
Iwishpriceswouldcomedown!
Iwishyouwouldturnitdown.
ØIt’s(high/about/proper)timethat,谓语动词常用“were型。
e.g.1.Itishightimethatsuchpractices_________.(2002.12)
A.areendedB.beended
C.wereendedD.mustbeended
2.It’salready5o’clocknow.Don’tyouthinkit’sabouttime____________?
(1996.6)
A.wearegoinghomeB.wegohome
C.wewenthomeD.wecangohome
ØIf虚拟从句中,1)对现在情况的虚拟用过去式
2)对过去情况的虚拟用过去完成时
3)对将来情况的虚拟用should/wereto/过去式
倒装情况:
if从句中如果谓语为were/should/had,若if省略则把were/should/had提前。
e.gWereIyou(IfIwereyou),Iwouldnotdoit.
__________beforewedepartthedayaftertomorrow,weshouldhaveawonderfuldinnerparty.(1997.1)
A.HadtheyarrivedB.Wouldtheyarrive
C.WeretheyarrivingD.Weretheytoarrive
__________rightnow,shewouldgetthereonSunday.(1996.6)
A.WouldsheleaveB.Ifsheleave
C.WereshetoleaveD.Ifshehadleft
ØIfonly(但愿,要是…就好了)引导的简单句中,谓语动词要用were型或hadbeen型虚拟式。
e.g.Ifonlythecommittee_______theregulationsandputthemintoeffectassoonaspossible!
(1997.1)
A.approveB.wouldapprove
C.canapproveD.willapprove
Ø在wouldrather/hadrather后的宾语从句中,谓语动词用were型。
e.g.1.Themanagerwouldratherhisdaughter___________inthesameoffice.(2000.6)
.A.hadnotworkedB.nottowork
C.doesnotworkD.didnotwork
2.Wouldn’tyouratheryourchild________tobedearly?
(2000.1)
A.goB.wentC.wouldgoD.goes
4.I’dratheryou________makeanycommentontheissueforthetimebeing.(1998.6)
A.don’tBwouldn’tC.didn’tD.shouldn’t
II.非谓语动词
1.不定式
(1)做主语
A.Toteachistolearntwice.
B.疑问代词+to不定式
Whattodonexthasnotbeendecidedyet.
C.逻辑主语的不定式结构:
for+名词/代词宾格+to
●Forhimtohavegossipedlikethatwasdisgraceful.
●Forabridgetocollapselikethatisunbelievable.
●Itisimpossibleforustogobyplane.
(2)做定语(常后置,表将来时)
*Hisnextbooktoappearthisyearwillbepopular.
●Greaterchangeswilltakeplaceinthedaystocome.
1.Ifthebuildingproject________bytheendofthismonthisdelayed,theconstructioncompanywillbefined.(2001,6)
A.beingcompletedB.iscompleted
C.tobecompletedD.completed
2.Thepressure_______causesAmericanstobeenergetic,butitalsoputsthemunderaconstantemotionalstrain.(1997,6)
A.tocompeteB.competing
C.tobecompetedD.havingcompeted
(2)做独立成分
⏹Tobeexact,ithappenedatfiveminutespasttwo.
⏹Hewasrude,tosaytheleastofit.
2.现在.过去分词
(1)现在分词.过去分词做状语,可表示时间,原因,条件,让步,伴随情况,且其前可带有从属连词when,while,if,asif等
●不定式,现在分词,过去分词三者的区别:
A.现在分词表主动,进行意义,且有时态,语态的变化
B.过去分词表被动,完成意义,只有一种形式,无时.语态变化
C.不定式通常表示未来的动作,做状语时,不定式表示目的,结果和原因,不象现在分词那样还可表示伴随。
e.g.1.____________inarecentsciencecompetition,thethreestudentswereawardedscholarshipstotaling$21,000.(2000.12)
A.TobejudgedthebestB.Havingjudgedthebest
C.JudgedthebestD.Judgingthebest
2.__________inadifficulttask,_______________.
A.Succeeding…….persistenceisneeded.
B.Tosucceed……..persistenceiswhatoneneeds.
C.Tosucceed…….Oneneedstobepersistent.
D.Succeeding……persistenceisimportant.
(2)带逻辑主语的现在分词/过去分词,形式为:
名词/主格代词+现在分词/过去分词,其中的名词/代词与所对应的分词构成逻辑上的主谓关系。
e.g.1.Thejobfinished,wewenthomestraightaway.
2.Thebellringing,thestudentswentintotheclassroom.
3.Allthetasks_______aheadoftime,theydecidedtogoonholdingforaweek.(2001,6)
A.hadbeenfulfilledB.havingbeenfulfilled
C.werefulfilledD.beenfulfilled
3.动名词
(1)做主语
Seeingisbelieving.Savingisgetting.
●常见句型中,it做形式主语,如:
1.Itisnogood/nouse+V.ing
e.g.Itisnouse_________menottoworry.(89,1)
A.youtellB.yourtelling
C.foryoutohavetoldD.havingtold
(2)带逻辑主语的动名词结构,形式为:
名词/代词所有格+动名词
1.做主语
Tom’sgoingtherewon’tdoanyharm.
Itisnouseyourrunningaway.
2.做动词宾语时,逻辑主语的代词可用宾格,如:
Wecan’tunderstandhis/himactinglikethat.
●Idon’tmind_______thedecisionaslongasitisnottoolate.(2000.1)
A.youtodelaymakingB.yourdelayingmaking
C.yourdelayingtomakeD.youdelaytomake
(3)常见的以动名词做宾语的动词或短语:
admit,advocate,appreciate,avoid,can’thelp,can’tstand,carryon,consider,defer,deny,dislike,endure,enjoy,escape,fancy,finish,giveup,imagine,involve,keepon,mention,mind,postpone,practise,prevent,putoff,resist,risk,suggest,tolerate等。
(4)“need,want,require,deserve”不定式表示主动,动名词表被动
e.g.Thissuitneedscleaning.
Thisproblemrequiresthinkingabout.
注:
“beworthdoing”中的动名词也表被动。
e.g.Thequestionisworthdiscussing.
Thatisagoodplaceworthvisiting.
III.时态和语态(Tense&Voice)
时态:
一般现在时,一般过去时,现在进行时,过去进行时
现在完成时,过去完成时,现在完成进行时,过去完成进行时
语态:
主动语态/被动语态(表被动意义的连系动词:
feel,look,smell,sound,taste等)
e.g.Cottonfeelssoft./Shesoundedamodestwoman.
注:
不及物动词无被动态
e.g.Faresinthiscity_________foralmost20years.
A.haven’tbeenrisenB.haven’traised
C.haven’trisenD.haven’traised
IV.各类从句(主语,定语,同位语,宾语从句)
1.主语从句可以用连词that,wh-疑问词引导,谓语为单数也可用it作形式主语,把从句置与句末
e.g.*Thatshehasneverbeenthereistrue.
=Itistruethatshehasneverbeenthere.
*Whetherhewillcomeisuncertain.
=Itisuncertainwhether/ifhewillcome.
注:
whether引导的从句既可句首,也可主句后,而if只能位于主句后,且if不引导表语从句。
如:
Whatheisinterestediniswhethertheyaremarried.
2.同位语从句
●与同位语从句同位的名词常见的有:
fact,news,idea,hope,report,opinion,order,question,problem,belief,truth,answer,theory,decision,discovery,conclusion,statement,promise,rumor,possibility可用that引导,也可用wh-疑问词引导。
●同位语与定语从句的区别:
a.同位语从句表明的是同位名词的具体内容;而定语从句则是对其先行项加以限制,描绘或说明。
b.同位语名词仅限与一些抽象名词;定语从句的先行项不计其数。
c.引导同位语从句的that为连词,在从句中不担任任何成分;引导定语从句的that为关系词,在从句中担任一定成分。
2.定语从句
(1)关系代词that
a.当先行项为不定代词:
something,anything,nothing,everything,none,little,few,much,all
b.先行项前有形容词最高级,序数词,不定限定词(some,any,noevery,little,few,much等)或only,very修饰时通常用that。
c.当定语从句为therebe句型时,关系代词只能是that,且常省略。
(2)which
a.用于非限定性定语从句
b.与介词连用时,只能用which
c.当先行项为that时,只能用which
d.当先行项与定语从句被其他成分隔开时,常用which,如:
e.g.Markswerediscoverednearthewindowwhichthepoliceinsistedhadbeenmadebyadog.
(3)as:
既可以指人也可指物,常与thesame,such,so或as连用
e.g.Thatvillageisnotthesameasitwasbefore.
Suchbuildingsasyouseearerarenow.
(4)but:
相当于that…not/who…not/which…not.它仅在表示否定意义的主句后面使用,在从句中只能做主语。
e.g.Thereisnotoneofusbut(whodoesn’twish)wishestohelpyou.
Nomanintheroombuthadtearsinhiseyes.
(5)as与which的区别
a.在非限定语从句中,as引导的从句位可位于句首,句中或句末;which引导的从句只能位于句末
b.从句位于句末时,as未必能代替which,而位于句末的非限定定语从句都可以用which
e.g.Theylostthegame,whichdisappointedus.
注:
as不能用语主---动----宾句型,常用于被动态或系表结构,如:
asisoftenthecase;asisknowntoall;ashasbeenpointedout等
4.状语从句
(1)时间状语从句:
after,before,since,until,when,while,assoonas,once,immediately,directly,instantly,themoment,theminute,theinstant;nosooner…than;hardly/scarcely…when
(2)原因状语从句:
because,since,as,for,nowthat,considering(that);inthat
(3)目的状语从句:
inorderthat,sothat,so,incase,forfearthat,lest;其中,lest常用shouldbe或be形虚拟形式;incase可用shouldbe形虚拟,又可用陈述;forfearthat常与may,might,should等情态连用。
注:
that可单独用于目的状语和结果状语从句
e.g.
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