专八真题.docx
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专八真题.docx
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专八真题
改错真题:
Thereiswidespreadconsensusamongscholarsthatsecondlanguage
acquisition(SLA)emergedasadistinctfieldofresearchfromthelate1950sto
early1960s.
Thereisahighlevelofagreementthatthefollowingquestions(a前面加also)
havepossessedthemostattentionofresearchersinthisarea:
(possessed改为captured)
Isitpossibletoacquireanadditionallanguageinthe
samesenseoneacquiresafirstlanguage?
(one前面加as)
Whatistheexplanationforthefactadultshave(fact后面加that)
moredifficultyinacquiringadditionallanguagesthanchildrenhave?
Whatmotivatespeopletoacquireadditionallanguages?
Whatistheroleofthelanguageteachinginthe(language前面去掉the)
acquisitionofanadditionallanguage?
Whatsocio-culturalfactors,ifany,arerelevantinstudyingthe
learningofadditionallanguages?
Fromacheckoftheliteratureofthefielditisclearthatall(去掉the)
theapproachesadoptedtostudythephenomenaofSLAsofarhave
onethingincommon:
Theperspectiveadoptedtoviewtheacquiring
ofanadditionallanguageisthatofanindividualattemptstodo(attempts改为attempting)
so.Whetheronelabelsit“learning”or“acquiring”anadditional
language,itisanindividualaccomplishmentorwhatisunder(or改为and)
focusisthecognitive,psychological,andinstitutionalstatusofan
individual.Thatis,thespotlightisonwhatmentalcapabilitiesare
involving,whatpsychologicalfactorsplayaroleinthelearning(involving改为involved)
oracquisition,andwhetherthetargetlanguageislearntinthe
classroomoracquiredthroughsocialtouchwithnativespeakers.(touch改为contact)
改错题原文已经找到,以上答案应该百分百正确,可以作为最终参考答案。
对于第二题possessed改为attracted或captured我个人认为都是可以的。
人文参考答案(题目在图片中)
1.加拿大法语区城市:
Montreal
2.新西兰土著:
Maoris
3.英国国教:
Anglicanism
4.北美十三殖民地独立:
1776
5.ErnestHemingway
6.GeorgeBernardShaw
7.GeoffreyChaucer
8.同音词:
bare/bear
9.SVO结构:
Marryenjoyedparties.
10.thelion’sshare一般做名词属性
听力部分答案
Mini-lecture
1.physical
2.ademand
3.bloodpressure
4.Category
5.ajob
6.signals
7.body
8.advantage
9.accept
10.reasonablespeed
Interview
1.Toworkoutaplan…
2.wasmuchworried…
3.Totakeprompt…
4.Refugeesreturningtonormal…
5.talktodifferent…
Newsbroadcast
6.Cancellationofflights…
7.Threehumanfossils
8.Itsupported..
9.someinternational…
10.Surprised
1.social
2.Latin
3.adventures
4.AmericanEnglish
6.differentorigins
7.variants
8.abqstraction
9.relationships
10.clearandaccurate
阅读真题:
1TheBottomLineonHappiness
ByClaytonMChristensen
MyclassatHarvardBusinessSchoolhelpsstudentsunderstandwhatgoodmanagementtheoryisandhowitisbuilt.Ineachsession,welookatonecompanythroughthelensesofdifferenttheories,usingthemtoexplainhowthecompanygotintoitssituationandtoexaminewhatactionwillyieldtheneededresults.Onthelastdayofclass,Iaskedmyclasstoturnthosetheoreticallensesonthemselvestofindanswerstothosethreequestions:
First,HowcanIbesureI’llbehappyinmycareer?
Second,HowcanIbesuremyrelationshipswithmyspouseandmyfamilywillbecomeanenduringsourceofhappiness?
Third,HowcanIbesureI’llstayoutofjail?
Thoughthelastquestionsoundslighthearted,it’snot.Twoofthe32peopleinmyRhodesscholarclassspenttimeinprison.JeffSkillinofEnronfamewasmyclassmateatHarvardBusinessSchool.
IgraduatedHBSin1979,andovertheyears,I’veseenmoreandmoreofmyclassmatescometoreunionsunhappy,divorced,andalienatedfromtheirchildren.Icanguaranteeyouthatnotasingleoneofthemgraduatedwiththedeliberatestrategyofgettingdivorcedandraisingchildrenwhowouldbecomeestrangedfromthem.Andyetashockingnumberunwittinglyimplementedthatstrategy.Thereason?
Theydidn’tkeepthepurposeoftheirlivesfrontandcenter.
Havingaclearpurposehasbeenessentialtome.ButitwassomethingIhadtothinglongandhardaboutbeforeIunderstoodit.WhenIwasaRhodeScholar,Iwasinaverydemandacademicprogram,tryingtocramanextrayear’sworthofworkintomytimeatOxford.Idecidedtospendanhoureverynightreading,thinkingandprayingaboutwhyGodputmeonthisearth.ItwasaverychallengingcommitmentbecauseeveryhourIspentdoingthat,Iwasn’tstudyingappliedeconometrics.IwasconflictedaboutwhetherIcouldreallyaffordtotaketimeawayfrommystudies,butIstuckwithitandultimatelyfiguredoutthepurposeofmylife.
Mypurposegrewoutofmyreligiousfaith,butfaithisn’ttheonlythingthatgivespeopledirection.Forexample,oneofmyformerstudentsdecidedthathispurposewasbringhonestlyandeconomicprosperitytohiscountryandtoraisechildrenwhowereascapablycommittedtohiscause,andtoeachother,ashewas.Hispurposeisfocusedonfamilyandothers,asismine.
Herearesomemanagementtoolsthatcanbeusedtohelpyouleadapurposefullife.
1.UseYourResourcesWisely–Yourdecisionsaboutallocatingyourpersonaltime,energy,andtalentshapeyourlife’sstrategy.Ihaveabunchof“businesses”thatcompetefortheseresources:
I’mtryingtohavearewardingrelationshipwithmywife,raisegreatkids,contributetomycommunity,succeedinmycareer,andcontributetomychurch.AndIhaveexactlythesameproblemthatacorporationdoes.Ihavealimitedamountoftime,energyandtalent.HowmuchdoIdevotetoeachofthesepursuits?
Allocationchoicescanmakeyourlifeturnouttoverydifferentfromwhatyouintended.Sometimesthat’sgood:
opportunitiesthatyouhaveneverplannedforemerge.Butifyoudon’tinvestyourresourceswisely,theoutcomecanbebad.AsIthinkaboutmyformerclassmateswhoinadvertentlyinvestedinlivesofhollowunhappiness,Ican’thelpbelievingthattheirtroublesrelatedrightbacktoashort-termperspective.
Whenpeoplewithahighneedforachievementhaveanextrahalfhouroftimeoranextraounceofenergy,they’llunconsciouslyallocateittoactivitiesthatyieldthemosttangibleaccomplishments.Ourcareersprovidethemostconcreteevidencethatwe’removingforward.Youshipaproduct,finishadesign,completeapresentation,closeasaleteachaclass,publishapaper,getpaid,getpromoted.Incontrast,investingtimeandenergyinyourrelationshipswithyourspouseandchildrentypicallydoesn’tofferthesameimmediatesenseofachievement.Kidsmisbehaveeveryday.It’sreallynotuntil20yearsdowntheroadthatyoucansay,“Iraisedagoodsonoragooddaughter.”Youcanneglectyourrelationshipwithyourspouseandonadailybasisitdoesn’tseemasifthingaredeteriorating.Peoplewhoaredriventoexcelhavethisunconsciouspropensitytounderinvestintheirfamiliesandoverinvestintheircareers,eventhoughintimateandlovingfamilyrelationshipsarethemostpowerfulandenduringsourceofhappiness.
Ifyoustudytherootcausesofbusinessdisasters,overandoveryou’llfindthispredispositiontowardendeavorsthatofferimmediategratification.Ifyoulookatpersonallivesthroughthatlens,you’llseethatsamestunningandsoberingpattern:
peopleallocatingfewerandfewerresourcestothethingstheywouldhaveoncesaidmatteredmost.
2.CreateAFamilyCulture-It’sonethingtoseeintothefoggyfuturewithaacuityandchartthecoursecorrectionsacompanymustmake.Butit’squiteanothertopersuadeemployeestolineupandworkcooperativelytotakethecompanyinthatnewdirection.
Whenthereislittleagreement,youhavetouse“powertools”–coercion,threats,punishmentsandsoon,tosecurecooperation.Butifemployee’swaysofworkingtogethersucceedoverandover,consensusbeginstoform.Ultimately,peopledon’teventhinkaboutwhethertheirwayyieldssuccess.Theyembraceprioritiesandfollowproceduresbyinstinctandassumptionratherthanbyexplicitdecision,whichmeansthatthey’vecreatedaculture.Culture,incompellingbutunspokenways,dictatestheproven,acceptablemethodsbywhichmembersofagroupaddressrecurrentproblems.Andculturedefinestheprioritygiventodifferenttypesofproblems.Itcanbeapowerfulmanagementtool.
Iusethismodeltoaddressthequestion,HowcanIbemyfamilybecomesanenduringsourceofhappiness?
Mystudentsquicklyseethatthesimplestwayparentscanelicitcooperationfromchildrenistowieldpowertools.Buttherecomesapointduringtheteenyearswhenpowertoolsnolongerwork.Atthatpoint,parentsstartwishingtheyhadbegunworkingwiththeirchildrenataveryyoungagetobuildacultureinwhichchildreninstinctivelybehaverespectfullytowardoneanother,obeytheirparents,andchoosetherightthingtodo.Familieshavecultures,justacompaniesdo.Thoseculturecanbebuiltconsciouslyorevolveinadvertently.
Ifyouwantyourkidstohavestrongself-esteemandtheconfidencethattheycansolvehardproblems,thosequalitieswon’tmagicallymaterializeinhighschool.Youhavetodesignthemintofamily’scultureandyouhavethinkaboutthisveryearlyon.Likeemployees,childrenbuildself-esteembydoingthingsthatarehardandlearningwhatworks.
3.Avoid“JustthisOnce”–We’retaughtinfinanceandeconomicsthatinchoosinginvestments,weshouldignoresunkandfixedcostandinsteadbasedecisionsonthemarginalcosts–thatis,thepriceofeachindividualnewsteporpurchase.ButIteachthatthispracticebiasescompaniestowardusingwhatthey’vealreadyputinplace–whathelpedthemsucceedinthepast–insteadofguidingthemtocreatethecapabilitiesthey’llneedinthefuture.Ifweknewthefuturewouldbeexactlythesameasthepast,thiswouldbefine.Butifthefuture’sdifferent,anditalmostalwaysis,th
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