The Lexical Features of Environmental Engineering English and their Translation 环境工程专业词汇的.docx
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The Lexical Features of Environmental Engineering English and their Translation 环境工程专业词汇的.docx
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TheLexicalFeaturesofEnvironmentalEngineeringEnglishandtheirTranslation环境工程专业词汇的
TheLexicalFeaturesofEnvironmentalEngineeringEnglishandtheirTranslation环境工程专业词汇的特点及其翻译CONTENTS
Abstract………………………………………………….……..iv
摘要…………………………………………………vIntroduction………………………………………………………………1Chapter1TheClassificationofEnvironmentEngineeringSpecializedVocabulary...21.1TechnicalWords………………………………………………………...……….21.2Sub/semi-technicalWords……………………………………………....21.3CommonWords……………………Chapter2TheFeaturesofenvironmentengineeringspecializedvocabulary……..…..42.1LatinorGreekOrigin……………………………………………………….42.2Affixation………………………………...………………….42.3CompoundsandShortening……………………………….……………42.3.1Compounds…………………………………………………………….….52.3.2Shortening………………..……………………………………………52.4Analogy……………………………………………………………52.5CoinageofNewWords………………………………………………………...6Chapter3EnvironmentalEngineeringEnglishVocabularyTranslationStrategy.....73.1FreeTranslation………
3.2Transliteration…………………………………………………….73.3TransliterationandFree–translation……………………...8Chapter4WordChoiceandExpressionintheTranslation………....94.1TheChoiceoftheRightMeaning………...………………………...94.2TheChoiceofProperExpression…………………………………….…….94.2.1derivedmeaning………………………………………………..…..94.2.2conversionofpartofspeech……………………………………..….10Chapter5ThequalificationsofEnvironmentalEngineeringTranslation115.1AccumulatedExpertise……………………………………………...……..115.2ProfessionalKnowledge……………………………………………...11ExtensiveReading…………………………………………………………….115.4ConsulttheDictionaries……………...……………………...12131415AbstractEnvironmentalEngineeringispartofscientificEnglish,anditshighdegreeofdifficultyliesnotonlyintermsofitslargeandgrowingnumberofnewterms,butalsoinitsuniquecharacteristics.ScientificEnglishisatooldifferentfromtheordinaryEnglish.Asatoolforglobalcommunication,thespreadofEnglishinthetechnicalaspectsofscientifictheoriesplayadecisiverole.Therefore,understandingthecharacteristicsofEnglishvocabularyandtheirtranslationmethodsarehelpful,forteachersandworkersinthefield.ThisarticlecoverstheEnvironmentalEngineeringclassificationofitsvocabulary,itscomposition,itstranslationstrategy.Keywords:
EnvironmentalEngineeringVocabulary;translationskills摘要环境工程专业词汇的翻译属于科技英语翻译的范畴,其难度不仅在于其词汇的数目庞大和增长速度之快,而且还在于它独有的特征。
科技英语是有别于普通英语的工具性语言,作为全球交流的工具,科技英语在传播科学理论技术方面起着举足轻重的作用。
因此,了解科技英语词汇的特点,和翻译方法,对于从事教学或者是科技翻译工作者来说是一个必要的能力。
1环境工程英语词汇的分类,2环境工程英语词汇的构成,3环境工程英语词汇翻译的策略,4.翻译时词义的选择和表达,5环境工程专业英语翻译者的基本素质。
关键词:
环境工程词汇翻译技巧IntroductionTheinterpretationofenvironmentengineeringspecializedvocabularybelongstothetranslationofScientificEnglish.Itisdifficultnotonlybecauseofthelargeamount,butalsobecauseofitsrapidincrease.What’smore,ithasitsowncharacteristics.SpecializedvocabularyisdifferentfromthecommonEnglish.Asthemostimportantmediaofglobalcommunication,specializedvocabularyisratherimportantintheareaofspreadingscientifictheoriesandtechnology.Socomprehendingthefeatureofspecializedvocabularyandtheinterpretingskillsareveryimportanttotheinstructorsandthetranslators.Chapter1TheClassificationofEnvironmentEngineeringEpecializedVocabularyEnvironmentengineeringspecializedvocabularyincludestechnicalwords,sub/semi-technicalwordsandcommonwords.Theusingoftechnicalwordsarejustlimitedtosomespecialty;sub/semi-technicalwordsaretransformedfromcommonwords,inadditiontotheirownmeaning,theyalsohaveothermeaningsindifferentsubjects.Inscientificandtechnicalliteratures,technicalwordsarelessthantechnicalwordsorsub/semi-technicalwords.1.1TechnicalWordsTechnicalwordsrefertothevocabulariesorglossarieswhichareonlysubject-based.Environmentengineeringspecializedvocabularyhaveaseriesofexactandnarrowwords.Thenaissanceofthesewordsalwaysgoeswiththedevelopmentofchemistry,physics,biologyorotherrelevantfieldsandthenaissanceofnewconcepts,newtheories,newtechnologiesornewproducts.Forexample:
Theword‘photochemical’(光化学)inthephrase‘photochemicalsmog’(光化学烟雾)wascreatedbythescientistafterLondonsmogepisode.Thiswordisjustusedtodescribeakindofpollution,wecanhardlyseeitincommonwords.1.2Sub/semi-technicalWordsSub/semi-technicalwordsrefertothewordswhichwon’tbeconfinedtothecontext.Thesewords’frequencyofappearanceisalwaysveryhigh.Thesewordsarecommonwordsinusefulexpression,buthaveveryrigorousmeaningswhenbeusedintechnicalfields.Forexample:
Wedefinethewordaeration(曝气)‘theprocessofexposingtoair(soastopurify)’indailylife,butasanenvironmentengineeringspecializeword,ithasaverynarrowmeaning.Itjustdescribesthewaywethrowmoreoxygenforciblytotheliquid.1.3CommonWordsWordsinscientificEnglishliteraturearedifferentfromwhichincommonEnglish.InscientificEnglish,wordstendtobelongandbig.Forexample,CommonwordsScientificEnglishtoagreetoconcurtosendtotransmitbettersuperiorenoughsufficientOKsatisfactorygetsmallerdiminishpushdowndepressfreshhandinexperiencedoperatorBycomparisonwecanfindthatcommonEnglishwordsareshorterandoftenhavedifferentmeanings;scientificEnglishtendtobelongerandalwayshavesingleness.InscientificEnglish,thedifferenceisnotabsolute.Withthetechnologyandsocietydeveloping,sometechnicalhavebeenbecomingcommonwords,suchasradio,televisionandsoon.Inthesightofrhetoric,theyarewrittenlanguageswithoutemotionalcoloring,appraiseortransferredmeaning.Chapter2TheFeaturesofEnvironmentEngineeringSpecializedVocabularyAsatooltoexpatiateonscientificjudgmentusedbyresearchers,thevocabulariesarealwaysveryformalandexact,andhavepowerfulfunctionofinformation.SoscientificEnglishappearstoalotofuniquefeatures.2.1LatinorGreekOriginAmajorityofthespecializedvocabulariesaremadeupoforcomefromGreekorLatin.Forexample,theword‘chlorophyll’wasmadeupofthetwoLatinwords:
‘chlor’and‘phyl’;‘rectifier’borrow‘recti’fromLatin.BasedontheStatofAmericanscientificEnglishexpertOscarENybaken,intenthousandmostcommonEnglishwords,46%wordscomefromLatinand7.2%comefromGreek.Thispercentagewillbehigherwhenthewordsbecomemorespecialized.SowecansaythatLatinandGreekmorphemeisthemajorbaseofthemodernscientificEnglishanditwillalsobethemostimportantorigintocreatenewwords.LatinandGreekmorphemearewidelyusedmainlybecauseoftheidiosyncracyofGreekandLatinthemselves.Aboveall,scientificvocabulariesdemandthatthemeaningsareexactlyandtheformareregular.Thesetwolanguagesarebothregularandbothhavethefeaturethatthewordmorphologiesareaptoticandthemeaningsareexactly.AnditisjustwhatthecomposingofscientificEnglishcallfor.What’smoreimportant,GreekandLatinishigherall-around,theybothhaveabundantaffixesandtheseaffixescancreatemanynewwordswithdifferentetyma.2.2AffixationThecomposingofscientificvocabulariesdependsonthecombinationofmorphemes.Affixationisaveryimportantwaytocomposenewwordsandalotofscientificwordscreateinthisway.Inthescientificwordswhichweoftenuse,about50prefixesappearfrequently,suchasanti-,auto-,contra-,ex-,intra-,mono-,pre-,syn-,semi-,trails-,thermo-,un-,andsoon;postfixesareabout30,suchas-able,-al,-ic,-ise,-meterandsoon.Becausemostscientificwordsaremadeupwithsomemorphemes,wecancomprehendbyanalogytogripthethousandsofwordsifwecandeeplygripthemeaningsofthemorphemesandcommandtheover1100basingmorphemes.Forexample,ifweknowtheperfix‘micro’,theetyma‘scop’andthepostfix‘ist’,wecaneasilyguessthemeaningof‘microscopist’.Evenifthewordisverylong,wecanalsogetthemeaningifweknowthebasingmorphemesoftheword.Forexample,thewordoctamethylpy-mphe-phoramideismadeupwithocta-,methyl-,pyro-,phosphorand–ide.2.3CompoundsandShortening2.3.1CompoundsCompoundsarenewwordswhicharemadeupoftwoormoresinglewords.Compoundsappearmorefrequentlythanothers,suchascompoundnouns:
letterbomb,waterpurificationsystem;compoundverbs:
air—drop,soft—hand;andcompoundadjectives.2.3.2ShorteningTheotherflexibleword-buildingofscientificEnglishisshortening.Withtechnologydeveloping,theamountofshorteningisbiggerandbiggerandhasreached100,000.Theadvantageofshorteningisbrevityandinformative.Scientificshorteningmainlyincludes:
(1)Acronym,whichismadeupofthefirstletterofeachword,suchasmaser(maser-microwaveampliffcationbystimulatedemissionofradiation,微波激射器),bradar(biologicradiodetectionandranging曲头钉)andsoon.
(2)Clip-words.Severallettersinthefrontwords,whichismadeupoutofeachword,.Thisshorteningisalwaysusedwhentheoriginalwordisverylongandhardtoberemembered,。
Forexample:
bb(1aboratory演讲)dir(directory地址簿,电话簿),chem.(chemistry化学)ThesewordsareusuallyConventionality,soweshouldnotcreatebyourownmean.(3)Initials,whichareroughlythesamewithacronyms.Theonlydifferenceisthatinitialsmustbereadonebyoneletter,.Forexample:
HIT(HealthIndicationTest)健康状况测试,BOD(BiochemicalOxygenDemand)生化需氧量,COD(ChemicalOxygenDemand)化学需氧量Thisshorteningcanmakethelongphraseshort,butindifferentfieldsorratherinthesamefield,theinitialmaybehavedifferentmeanings.(4)Abbreviationshorteningsarenotalwaysmadeupofthefirstletter.Someshorteningjsutcomefromoneletterandwitha‘.’intheend.Forexample:
Exp(export)出口Max(maximum)最大的、的最大限度的Fig,(
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