初中英语语法名词用法讲解及专项练习.docx
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初中英语语法名词用法讲解及专项练习.docx
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初中英语语法名词用法讲解及专项练习
初中英语语法名词用法讲解及专项练习
【考点讲解】
一、名词的分类
类别
意义
例词
专有名词
表示人、地方、组织机构或事物等的专有名词
LuXun,China,
Handan,WTO…
普
通
名
词
可数名词
个体名词
表示一类人或物的个体
apple,pencil,
doctor,teacher
集体名词
表示一群人或一类物的集合体
people,family,
team,class
不可数名词
物质名词
表示无法分为个体的实物
air,sand,
water,rain
抽象名词
表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念
peace,friendship,
happiness
二、可数名词与不可数名词
(一)可数名词
名词分为可数和不可数名词。
物质名词与抽象名词一般属于不可数名词,它们只有单数形式;个体名词和集体名词一般是可数名词,通常有单数和复数两种形式。
1.单数变复数的规则
情况
构成方法
例词
一般情况
直接加s
map-/bag-/car-____
month-/human-
以“辅音字母+y”结尾
变y为i,再加es
baby-/family-________
(boy-/toy-
monkey-)
以s,sh,ch,x等结尾
直接加es
bus-/watch-______
box-/dish-
以f或fe结尾
变f或fe为v+es
wife-/knife-_____
yourself-/leaf-
部分以o结尾
加es
hero-/tomato-_______
potato-
【注】①常见的以o结尾要加es的有如下几个:
hero,tomato,potato,可记为“英雄爱吃西红柿和土豆”。
剩余以o为结尾的加s:
如photo,zoo,piano等
② 以f或fe结尾变f或fe为v+es的词有如下:
小偷的妻子用刀把狼劈成两半,一半放在书架上,一半放在树叶上
2.不规则复数形式
(1)元音或词尾发生变化:
child-,man-,woman-_________,
foot-,tooth-,mouse-
policeman-___________,Frenchman-_________
Englishman-
(2)单复数形式相同:
deer,sheep,Chinese,Japanese,yuan
(3)形式为复数,意思为复数:
people,police
(4)形式为复数,意思为单数:
news,maths,physics
(5)只能用复数形式:
trousers,shoes,glasses……
【注】
man,woman作定语修饰别的名词时,要把man,woman和其他部分都变成复数,如manteacher–,
womandoctor–_____________;
但是其他合成名词,只需把其中心词变成复数形式。
如:
shoefactory-,bananatree-
3.“某国人”的复数形式“中日不变英法变,其余s加后边”
国家名
国籍
单数
复数
China
中国人
aChinese
twoChinese
Japan
日本人
aJapanese
twoJapanese
England
英国人
anEnglishman
twoEnglishmen
France
法国人
aFrenchman
twoFrenchmen
Australia
澳大利亚人
anAustralian
twoAustralians
Russia
俄国人
aRussian
twoRussians
Italy
意大利人
anItalian
twoItalians
America
美国人
anAmerican
twoAmericans
India
印度人
anIndian
twoIndians
Canada
加拿大人
aCanadian
twoCanadians
Germany
德国人
aGerman
twoGermans
(二)不可数名词
不可数名词包括物质名词和抽象名词,一般没有复数形式
1.物质名词有water,rice,tea,milk,chicken(鸡肉),fish(鱼肉),food,fruit,beef,orange(橙汁),sugar,salt,paper(纸),porridge,bread,sand,juice,chalk等;
抽象名词有news,music,time(时间),information等;
2.在英语中,不可数名词如果要表示“量”的概念,可以用以下两种方法:
(1)用much,alittle,alotof/lotsof,some,any等表示多少,例如:
alotofmoney/somemilk/anywater/muchsnow
(2)用“apiece/glass/cup/bottle/bagof+不可数名词”或“数词pieces/
glasses/cups/bottles/bagsof+不可数名词”这类定语,例如:
apieceofpaper(wood/bread)→
abottleoforange→
aglassofwater→
acupoftea→
abagofrice→
3.不可数名词不能与数词或不定冠词a/an连用;
4.注意有些名词既可作可数名词,也可作不可数名词,此时中文意思有区别。
如:
time,glass,orange,room,experience等
三、名词所有格
在英语中,特别是表示有生命的名词,可以加's表示所属关系,名词的这种形式我们称之为名词的所有格。
1.有生命的名词所有格
(1)单数名词的所有格加’s。
如:
Mother’sDay /thelittlegirl’sroom
(2)以s结尾的复数名词所有格只加’。
如:
Teachers’Day /thestudents’books
(3)姓氏以s结尾,也可直接加’。
如:
Jones’office
(4)不规则的复数名词变所有格加’s。
如:
Children’sbooks/Women’sDay
(5)表示两人共有时,只在最后一个名词后加’s。
如:
莉莉和露西的爸爸___________________
约翰和玛丽的课桌_________________
(6)表示两人各自所有时,则两个专有名词都要用所有格形式,而且后面所修
的名词要用复数形式。
如:
王林的爸爸和李坤的爸爸__________________________
露西的房间和莉莉的房间__________________________
2.无生命的名词所有格
(1)无生命的名词所有格常用of结构表示,如:
amapofChinathecoverofthebook
(2)表示国家、时间、距离、重量和价值等的名词通过词尾变化表示所有,如:
China’sfuture today’snewspapertenminutes’walk
(3)以to构成的短语的所有格形式。
如:
thekeytothedoortheanswertothequestion
3.双重所有格
双重所有格就是将of结构与’s结构或名词性物主代词一起使用,如:
afriendofTom’s aphotoofmine
4.表示住宅、办公室或店铺的名词所有格后面一般省略它所修饰的名词,如:
atJohn’s(home) atthedoctor’s(office)atthebarber’s(shop)
课堂练习
根据中文写出单词的适当形式或用所给单词的适当形式填空
1.Davereallylikesdriving.Ithinkbeinga(司机)isjustrightforhim.
2.Youaresupposedtobemorecarefultomakefewer(mistake)whileyou
arewriting.
3.Themascot(吉祥物)ofRio2016OlympicGamesisthe(标志)goodluck.
4.In1998,LiuXiang’s(able)inhurdlingwasnoticedbySunHaiping.
A.abilityB.tradeC.electricityD.memory
5.—Wouldyoumindtakingsome(photo)forus?
—Certainlynot.It’sapieceofcake.
6.—Jeff’sandAmy’s(father)didn’tcometothemeeting.Why?
—BecausetheyhavegonetoBeijing.
7.Shesaysherfavorite(学科)isEnglish.
8.EverytimeIseethestrawberries,thesweet(口味)andbeautifulcolor
alwaysmakemymouthwater.
9.OnSeptember3therewillbesome(activity)inChinatocelebratethe
70-yearvictoryoftheAnti-JapaneseWar.
10.TheChinesesaying“Atreecan’tmakea(森林)“tellsusthatteamwork
isveryimportantinafootballmatch.
11.YesterdayLucytoldussuchgood(news)thatweareallamazedatit.
12.Wecan'tmakeasandwichwithout(面包).
13.Theactionsandwordsofcelebrities(名人)canhaveagreat(影响)
becausemanypeoplemayfollowthem.Sotheyshouldpaymoreattentiontotheir
behaviorandspeech.
14.TheNewYorkTimesisapopulardaily(杂志).
15.Bobhasgotgoodexamresults.Hisparentsareproudofhis(succeed).
16.Mycousinlikesreading.Ioftenbuy(book)forhisbirthday.
17.Therearelotsof(rule)thatstudentshavetofollowinschool.
18.—Findinginformationisnotabigdealtoday.
—Well,thechallengeishowwecantellwhethertheinformationis(use)
ornot.
19.Noneofthemtalked.Theyfinishedtheirmealin(silence).
20.—Whereareyougoingtospendyoursummerholiday,Jenny?
—Ihaven’tmadea(decide)yet.I’mgoingtotalkaboutitwithmy
familytomorrow.
21.—Wouldyoulikesome(tomato)fordinner?
—OK.
22.—Willyougotothe(体育馆)thisafternoon?
—Yes.Iwanttogoswimming.
23.—Astudyshowsthatgoodhabitsplayaveryimportant(部分)in
children’seducation.
—Ithinkso.
24.—Mum,Ihaveabadheadache.Ifeelterrible.
—Oh,dear!
Youmustgetacold.You’dbetterseea(医生)after
breakfast.
25.—Anyspecialofferinthisshoppingmallnow?
—Sure,wehavethelateste-productson(sell).
26.—What’syourfavorite,Jim?
—Myfavoriteis(音乐).IoftenlistentoitonMP3.
27.SunNangottonsof(注意力)assoonasheannouncedthathewould
stopcompetingduringIAmasinger.
28.(Healthy)isimportantforusteenagers,soweshouldeatmore
vegetablessuchastomatoesandpotatoestokeephealthy.
29.IthinkZhouXunisoneofthebest(演员).Ilikehermoviesverymuch.
30.---CanIhelpyou,madam?
---Iwantapairof(眼镜).
31.—Whatanimaldoyoulikebest?
—Ilike(老虎)best.
32.---Herearesome(orange).---Doyoulikethem?
33.MaoripeopleinNewZealandtouch(鼻子)whentheymeet.
34.—Didyougotothe(电影院)lastnight?
—Yes,themoviewassofunnythatitmademelaughmanytimes.
35.TimsaysthatsmartLegohasbecomeoneof(child)favoritetoys.
36.MickeyMouseisoneofthemostfamous(symbol)inAmericancultures.
37.Ipaid$10forfour(bottle)ofmilkthismorning.
38.—Thesunisshiningbrightly.
—Whynotwearapairof(sunglass)toprotectyoureyes?
39.Jeffwillcometounderstandyouoneday.It’samatterof(time).
40.—HowcanIgetsome(information)aboutthe2016OlympicGames?
—WhynotsearchtheInternet?
41.—Wehavemissedthelastbus.Whatshallwedo?
—Let’stakeataxi.Wehavenoother(choose)now.
42.(十二月)isthelastmonthofayear.
43.—Whydoyoulooksoexcited,Tim?
—I’vejustgotawonderful(工作).
44.—Wouldyouliketogotothespacemuseum?
—I’dloveto,butIhaven’tmade(a)(decide).I’llthinkaboutit.
45.—Iamafraidtoaskquestionsbecauseofmypoor(pronounce).
—You’dbetterpracticespeakingmore.
46.—Mr.WangwassenttoteachEnglishinapoormountainvillagelastyear.
—Shesaidshewouldneverforgetsomepleasant(experience)while
workingthere.
47.—Moreandmorepeoplecometoenjoywarmspring(温泉)everyyear.
—That’strue.Ithasbecomethe(proud)ofXianning.
48.The(夏季)ofChongqingisreallyhot,butwestilllikelivinghere.
49.—WhatisJimandPaul’sbrother?
—Heisa(警察)
50.Couldyoupleasetakemypicture?
Hereismy(照相机).
巩固练习
1.—Betty,passmethe_______.I’llcutthecake.
—OK,Mom.Hereyouare.
A.sugarB.scarfC.knifeD.note
2.Ourschooluniformsareoutof_______.Wethinkyoungpeopleshouldlooksmart.
A.luckB.sightC.reachD.fashion
3.—Thepicnicisonlyinthreedays.Haveyoumadeany_______?
—Notyet.Solet’sdiscusswhattoprepare.
A.wishesB.plansC.mistakesD.friends
4.—Ihearyouhavetogetupearlyeverymorning.
—Right.It'soneofthe_______ofmyfamily.
A.plansB.jobsC.programsD.rules
5.—Yesterday,myfatherboughtmeanewmobilephonesasapresent,butIdon’t
knowhowtouseit.
—Whynotreadthe_______firstbeforeusingit?
A.expressionsB.applicationsC.advertisementsD.instructions
6.Myteachergavememuch_______onhowtostudyEnglishwellwhenIhadsometrouble.
A.adviceB.questionC.suggestionD.problem
7.—Excuseme;Isthemuseumfarfromhere?
—No,it’sabout_______.
A.5minuteswalkB.5minutewalk
C.5minutes’walkD.5minute’swalk
8.—Lily,couldyoupleasepassmethe_______?
Iwanttocuttheapple.
—Sure,hereyouare.
A.penB.pencilC.bookD.knife
9.—What______bowlofnoodleswouldyoulike,small,mediumorlarge?
—Alargebowlofbeefnoodles,please.
A.colorB.priceC.sizeD.kind
10.—Nobodyknowswhichteamwillwinthe2014WorldCupinBrazil?
—Yes.Thatistheofthebeautifulgame.
A.questionB.luckC.hopeD.magic
11.—Istheschoolbagunderthedeskyours?
—No,it’smy______.Heleftittherejustnow.
A.brotherB.brother’sC.brothers’
12.Iwantacupofsweetcoffee.Putsome______inmycup,please.
A.iceB.soupC.saltD.sugar
13.—AfterP.E.,Ioftenfeelverythirsty.
—Whynotbuysome_______todrink?
A.breadB.noodlesC.applejuiceD.teas
14.—Whata
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