Hawthorneandtheblackvision.docx
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Hawthorneandtheblackvision.docx
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Hawthorneandtheblackvision
ABSTRACT
HawthornewasagreatandambivalentwriterinAmericanLiterature,thisessayaimstoanalyzehisuniquewritingperspective—BlackVision,awayheusestoexplorethePuritansociety.Heshowsitbyhiddeninhisneverchangingmainthemeinmostofhisworks—sinandevilinhuman’ssoul.ThemainpurposeoftheessayistoexploreHawthorne’stechniqueinexpressinghisblackvisioninhisworks.ThisessayjustpicksuphismostfamousnovelTheScarletlettertoanalyzeindetail.
Chapteronetalksaboutthehistory,literarybackgroundandHawthorne’slife.Thisisthebackgroundofformingtheblackvision.Chaptertwoisaboutotherwritersandcritics’commentsandcriticizesaboutHawthorne;andtherelationshipbetweenHawthorneandMelvillewhowasdeeplyinfluencebyHawthorneandmotivatedbyhimtorecreatedMobyDick.ChapterthreeistorevealHawthorne’soutstandingwritingstyle:
usingblackvisiontomockandcriticizethedarksideofthesocietyandreligion.ChapterfouranalyzestheusageofhisblackvisioninTheScarletLetter.Itismainlyanalyzethethreemaincharacters:
Hester,Dimesdale,Chillingworthindetail.Chapterfiveisaconclusionaboutthewholeessay.FromthisstudyitiseasytotellthatinmostofHawthorne’sworks,themainthemeisalwaysaboutsin,evilandguilt.Andduetohisuniqueblackvision,HawthornehadachievedanenormousstatueinAmericanliteratureworld.
Keywords:
Hawthorne,BlackVision,OriginalSin
摘要
霍桑是美国文学史上一位伟大的小说家,本论文旨在分析他独特的写作视角—黑暗视角,这是他探索美国清教社会的一种方式;他用他大多数的作品主题:
罪恶和邪恶就在人的内心,来展示了他的黑暗视角。
本论文探讨他如何用独特的写作方式来表达黑暗视角,并选取了他最出名的小说《红字》来进行分析。
第一章讲述的是美国浪漫主义的历史和文学背景,霍桑的生活经验,这些就是使他形成黑暗视角的原因。
第二章讲的其他作家对霍桑的评论,以及霍桑对麦尔维尔的影响并促使他重新创造《白鲸》。
第三章是揭示霍桑出色,与众不同的写作风格—作品中的黑暗视角,并用其来嘲讽和批判社会的不公以及宗教对人的荼毒。
第四章是分析霍桑在《红字》中对黑暗视角的运用;主要是详细分析作品中的三位主人公:
海斯特,丁姆斯戴尔和裘灵窝斯。
第五章是对整篇论文的总结。
这次的研究显示霍桑大多数作品主题都是关于原罪,罪恶和邪恶。
正因为霍桑的独特的黑暗视角,使他在美国文学界赢得了不朽的位置。
关键字:
霍桑,黑暗视角,原罪
CONTENTS
ChapterOneHawthorneandAmericanRomanticism…………….…….……..4
1.1AmericanRomanticism…….…………………………………….…….4
1.1.1CulturalBackground……..………………..……………….…...4
1.1.2PoliticalBackgroundandEconomicDevelopment………….....5
1.1.3EuropeanRomanticism’sInfluence………...….………………5
1.2Hawthorne’sLifeExperience………………………………………….6
1.3Hawthorne’sEducation…………………………………………………7
ChapterTwoHawthorneandOtherwriter….…………..…………….…………8
2.1CommentsandCriticizes...……………………………………………8
2.2HawthorneandMobyDick.……………………………………………9
ChapterThreeTheBlackVision……..………………….…………………..…10
3.1WaysofBlackVision…….…………………..……………………….10
3.2BlackVisionandPuritanism…………………………………………...11
3.3BlackVisioninWorks………………………………………………….12
ChapterFourBlackVisioninHawthorne’sWorks………….…………………13
4.1BriefDescriptionaboutTheScarletLetter….………………………..13
4.2Characters’PresentationinTheScarletLetter……………….………14
4.2.1Hester…………….…………………...……………………….14
4.2.2Dimmesdale..……………………...…………………………..16
4.2.3Chillingworth…………………….…………………….………17
ChapterFiveConclusion………………………………………………………18
SelectedBibliography…………………………………………………………..20
ChapterOneHawthorneandAmericanRomanticism
1.1AmericanRomanticism
LiteratureofAmericanRomanticismisfromtheendof18thcenturytotheoutbreakoftheCivilWar,italsocalledtheAmericanRenaissance.Itwasarebellionagainsttheobjectivityofrationalism.Forromantics,thefeeling,intuitionsandemotionsweremoreimportantthanreasonandcommonsense.TheyemphasizedIndividualism,placingtheindividualagainstthegroup.Theyaffirmedtheinnerlifeoftheselfandcherishedstronginterestinthepast,thewild,theremote,themysteriousandthestrange.
1.1.1CulturalBackground
Theliteratureterm“AmericanRomanticism”wasfirstappliedtothewritersofthe18thcenturyinEuropewhobrokeawaytheformalrulesoftheclassicalwriting.WhenitwasinAmericanliteratureitreferredtothewritersofthemiddleofthe19thcenturywhostimulatedthesentimentalemotionsoftheirreaders.Theywroteofthemysteriesoflife,love,birthanddeath.Theromanticwritersexpressedthemselvesfreelyandwithoutrestraint.Theywroteallkindsofmaterials:
poetry,essays,plays,fiction,history,worksoftravelandbiography.Itreacheditspeakwiththeappearanceofthemajorauthorsofthe19thcenturysuchasEdgarAllanPoe,WaltWhitmanandEmilyDickinsoninpoetry,andNathanielHawthorneandHermanMelvilleinfiction.
1.1.2PoliticalBackgroundandEconomicDevelopment.
Theearly50yearsin19thcentury,istheshapingperiodinAmericanindependentcultureandliterature.AfterAmerican’sindependence,everythinginareinalivelihoodbothinpolitical,economicalandpsychological.Jackson’sdemocracyandpoliticalequalityhadbecomethenewnation’sideal.
Thespreadofindustrialism,thesuddeninfluxofimmigrants,andthe“pioneers”pushingthefrontierfurtherwest—alltheseproducedsomethingofaneconomicboom.Apositiveandcreativenationandthepeopleinitareeagertohavetheirownliteraturetoshowuptheirnewexperiencesandpursuits.Thenation’scheerfulattitudes,theflowoftimeandthemotivatedpowerofitforcetheoutbreakofRomanticism.
1.1.3EuropeanRomanticism’sInfluence
ForeigncultureandideologyhadarousedthespreadofAmericanRomanticism.TherevolutionofRomanticismwhichaffectedEnglandandEuropehadplayedanimportantroleinthegrowthofAmericanliteratureinearly19thcentury.
TheinfluenceofEuropeanandEnglishliteraturecannotbedenied.LikeSamuelTaylorColeridge,WilliamWordsworth,GeorgeNoelGordonByronandRobertBurnshadtheirincomparableretighteningtoAmericanindependentnovelandpoetry.EspeciallyEnglishRomanistSamuelTaylorColeridge’sinfluencetoEmerson,AllanPoe,HawthorneandMelvillewasextremelyobvious;typicallybyhisproseBiographiaLiterariaandAidstoReflectionwhichplayadominantruleinAmericanadvancedcommentanddebatedliterature.
1.2Hawthorne’sLifeExperience
HawthornewasbornatJuly4th,1804,inanestablishedfamilyatSalem,Massachusetts.HisgrandfatherWilliamHathornefollowedthechiefWinstonRopemigratedtoNorthAmericain1630.SinceWilliamhadmadesomeprominentvictorieshebecameanexcusiveofficer.Hewasasinnerinhistory:
hehadpersecutedthepuritansthatoncehetiedapuritanwhowasnamedAnnColmantoacarriageandwhippedhim.Hawthornehadmentioneditinhiswork“MainStreet”andtheforewordof“TheScarletLetter”.
Hawthornewasinterestedinthehistoryofthefamilyverymuch;whenhewasalittleboyhereadbookswhichrecordedtheanecdotesanddeedsabouthisancestors.Withaclearcriticalmind,Hawthornefeltagreatdealofguiltandheconsideredseriouslyaboutwhatresponsibilityheshouldtakeforthesinsofhisfamily.Hawthornewasnotsocomplimentwiththebehaviorsofhisgrandfathers,thereforehecametorealizedthatsinsandevilswasborninhuman’smind,andcametorecognizedthatthecenteroflifeisaboutdarkness.ThetheoryaboutoriginalsinofPuritanismhaddeeplyimpressedhim.Afterhewasgrownup,hechangedhislastname“Hathorne”to“Hawthorne”.Thatisnothingmorethanindicatedachangeofgeneration.
Hawthornewasashymanwholiketobealoneandalwayskeepsilencemostofthetime.Thisrelatedtohischildhoodenvironment.HisfatherwhowasacaptainofabusinessshipdiedduringatripinCaribbeanSea.Withnochoiceheandhisfamilyhadtoliveingrandpa’shouse,whichmakeshimself-abased.Thewholefamilykeepthemselvesinsidethehouseandseldomtogooutside,theywentoutsidewhenthedarkhadcomeonly.Hissisterstalkverylittle;thewholefamilylivesalifelikeghost.Thelonelypersonhatesloneliness,andtheyalwayskeepthemselvesinsolatedwithsocietyandafraidoffarawayfromit
atthesametime.
InHawthorne’slateryearsheaddressthepeoplewhobehavedfarawayfromsocietyasan“unforgivablesin”,itwasactuallytheresultofauthor’schangingmind.The“ghost”lifehadweakenedHawthorne’ssenseofreality,instead,addeduphisimagination.Thezonebetween“realworld”and“paradise”hadbecomeafreeworldforhismindtohover.
Inearly1864,Hawthornebecameweakerandweaker,anddiesinarestaurantinMay19thinhistravel.
1.3Hawthorne’sEducation
WhenHawthornewas6,healreadyreadPilgrim’sProgress.ThefirstbookhepurchaseswasFaerieQueene.HereadGodwinandScott’snovels,hisfavorofhistoryandmysterybecomemuchgreater.Ithadbeenconsideredashisnaturetotellthattheworldisthecoveroffablestory.
In1821,HawthorneattendedtoBowdoinCollege,asaschool-matewithHenryWadsworthLongfellowandFranklinPiercewholaterbecamethe13thpresidentofAmerican.Hawthornewasindifferencewithhiscollegelifeandrefusedtodevotehimselftothestudy.Buthedidreadalot.Themostbenefitialparthegainedfromcollegewasthathelearnedtothinkindependentlyandbuiltupthespiritofskepticalandthedirectionofhiswriting.
Aftergraduatedin1825,hewentbacktoSalem,andstartedhisreclusivelifefor12years.DuringthisperiodHawthornehadneverbeenfarawayfromSalem,hekeptwritingandstricttohisworks.Totheworkshewasnotsosatisfiedhewillburneditwithnohesitate.Hawthornewasoneofthewriterswhoburnedtheirownworksmost.Thisistheresultofhisinsistencetotheartofwriting.
ChapterTwoHawthorneandOtherWriters
2.1CommentsandCriticizes
TheprimarysignificanceofHawthorne’smajorworksdwellsintheinterestandconsistentvitalityofhiscriticismoflife.
DonaldRingeinHawthorne’sPsychologyoftheHeadandHeartwrotethat:
“Hawthorneusedthevividanddetailedlanguageto
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