英美概况爱尔兰.docx
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英美概况爱尔兰.docx
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英美概况爱尔兰
SocietyandCultureofMajorEnglishSpeakingCountriesIrelandRepublicofIreland
HistoryofIreland
•Thefirstsettlerscametotheislandbetween8000to7000BC
•Theagriculturalcommunitiesarosearound4500to4000BC
•Thefirstchangeintechnologywasabout2500BC,newhumaninventionscameoutsuchasthewheel,brewingalcoholandSkillfulMetalworking(weaponsandtools)
•ThefirstCeltic-speakingtribesarebelievedtohavearrivedontheislandabout600B.Cthelastonesaround150to50BC
•Therewere4CelticinvasiontoIreland
•TherelationshipbetweenTheRomanEmpireandtheIrishCeltictribesisunclearbutit’sthoughttoaCommercialone.
•7thcenturyAD,theconceptofaHighKingofIrelandarose
•PresidedoverthepatchworkofprovincialkingdomsthattogetherformedIreland
•Irelandhadaunifyingruleoflaw:
•TheBretonLaws
•AdministeredbyaprofessionalclassofjuristsknownastheBBrrethnos..
•NormanandEnglishInvasion
•TheKingdomofIreland
•UnionwiththeGreatBritain
TheBretonLaw
•TheLawsofacultureareanin-depthreflectionofitspeople–FortheancientIrish,theLawwasthesinglemostimportantfactorinbothpublicandprivatelifeintheland.
•ThenativelegalsystemwasfullydevelopedlongbeforetheinvasionsofChristian,DanishorAnglo-Norman
•Therearecluesthatindicatedevelopmentfrom2,300to900BC
•BehanLawcontinuedtoremainthelawoftheIrishuntilfinallyextinguishedduring17thcentury.
•ThereasonforthedurabilityoftheBehanlawwasthepeoplethemselves.TheentireexistingbodyofliteratureofIrelandshowsthegreatrespecttheIrishpeopleheldforjusticeandlaw,andabhorrenceforunjustdecisions.
DRUID
THETHREEGOALSOFTHEDRUID
•Druidsseekaboveallthecultivationofwisdom,creativityandlove.Anumberoflivesonearth,ratherthanjustone,givesustheopportunitytofullydevelopthesequalitieswithinus.
•ADruidwasamemberofthepriestlyclassinBritain,Ireland,andGaul(France),andpossiblyotherpartsofCelticEurope.
NormaninvasionofIreland
In1155,HenryIIinvadedIreland.
•TheNormaninvasionofIrelandwasatwo-stage–Itbeganon1May1169whenaforceoflooselyassociatedNormanknightsandasmallarmylanded–On18October1171,HenryIIlandedamuchbiggerarmyandhetookcontroloverDublin–HenryIIwashappilyacknowledgedbymostoftheIrishKings,whosawinhimachancetocurbtheexpansionofbothLeisterandtheNormans.
•AfterthelossofNormandyin1204dynamicoftheIslandchanged
•Gaelicresurgence(1350–1500)–TheBretonLaw
TheKingdomofIreland
•KingHenryVIIIwasdeclaredkingofIrelandin1541-42–In1541,whentheIrishParliamenthadpassedtheCrownofIrelandAct1542,proclaimingKingHenryVIIIofEnglandtobeKingofIreland.
•TheconquestwascomplicatedbytheimpositionofEnglishlaw,languageandculture,aswellasbytheextensionofAnglicanismasaninstitutionalreligion.
•ThecrisispointoftheElizabethanconquestofIrelandcamewhentheEnglishauthoritiestriedtoextendtheirauthorityoverUlsterandHughO'Neill,themostpowerfulIrishlordinIreland.
–TheNineYears'WarorTyrone'sRebelliontookplaceinIrelandfrom1594to1603.
»OutsideKinase,O'Neill'sownarmywasdefeated.Inearly1603thewarended,andthereaftercrownauthoritywasgraduallyestablishedthroughoutIreland.
•In1916theIrishpeopleandtheIrishCitizenArmyStagearebellionagainsttheBritishruler(TheEasterRisingof1916)
•Thepro-independenceRepublicanParty,SinnFéin(ArthurGriffin),receivedoverwhelmingendorsementinthegeneralelectionof1918,andin1919proclaimedanIrishRepublic
–Settingupitsownparliament(DáilÉireAnn)andgovernment.
–SimultaneouslytheVolunteers,whichbecameknownastheIrishRepublicanArmy(IRA),launchedathree-yearguerillawar,whichendedinatruceinJuly1921
ANewCountryWasBorn
InDecember1921,theAnglo-IrishTreatywasconcludedbetweentheBritishGovernmentandrepresentativesoftheSecondDáil.ItgaveIrelandcompleteindependenceinitshomeaffairsandpracticalindependenceforforeignpolicy,butanopt-outclauseallowedNorthernIrelandtoremainwithintheUnitedKingdom
TheRepublicofIrelandisasovereignstateinEuropeoccupyingaboutfive-sixthsoftheislandofIreland.Itisaunitaryparliamentaryrepublicwithanelectedpresidentservingasheadofstate.
Capital:
Dublin
Area:
70,273km²
Government:
Unitarystate,Parliamentarysystem,Constitutionalrepublic
Population:
4,487,000(2011)
PoliticsandEconomy
•Irelandisaparliamentary,representativedemocraticrepublic
•MemberstateoftheEuropeanUnion.
•WhiletheheadofstateisthepopularlyelectedPresidentof
Ireland
–Taoiseach(primeminister)whoistheheadofthegovernment.
–Executivepowerisexercisedbythegovernment
•Nomorethan15cabinetministers,inclusiveoftheTaoiseachandTánaiste(deputyprimeminister).
•LegislativepowerisvestedintheOireachtas,
–thebicameralnationalparliament,whichconsistsofDialÉireAnn,SeamedÉireAnnandthePresidentofIreland.
•Thejudiciaryisindependentoftheexecutiveandthelegislature.TheheadofthejudiciaryistheChiefJusticewhopresidesovertheSupremeCourt.
PoliticsoftheRepublicofIreland
•VotinginElectionsandReferenda
–Presidenteach7years
–ParliamentEach5yeas
–PublicservicesandEuropeanParliament5years
–Referendawhenisnecessarytocallforanelection
•ProposedaconstitutionalchangeoramendmentIreland&RepublicofIrelandOfficeNamePartySincePresidentMichaelD.HigginsIndependent11November2011TaoiseachEdnaKennyFineGael9March2011TánaisteEmanonGilmoreLaborParty9March2011
•TheeconomyoftheRepublicofIrelandisamodernknowledgeeconomy,focusingonservicesandhigh-techindustriesanddependentontrade,industryandinvestment.
•PrimaryIndustriesare5%oftheEconomy
•CelticTiger(1995-2007)
–Theeconomybenefitedfromariseinconsumerspending,construction,andbusinessinvestment.
•FinancialCrisis(2008-2013)
–Newresearchreportfinds22%ofIrishpopulationlivinginjoblesshouseholds
Ireland’spopulationhasgrownstronglyoverthepastdecade.In2011itwas4.6million,up17percentfrom2002.Withanaverageageof36.1yearsin2011,thepopulationisrelativelyyoungcomparedtotherestoftheEU.IrishCulture:
IrishCulture:
SocialDevelopments
•CLASSPOSITIONANDCLASSAWARENESS
–TherearethreebasicclassesinTheRepublicofIreland:
•ServiceClass
•IntermediateClass
•Workingclass
TheServiceClassiscomposedofprofessionals,administratorsandmanagers
TheIntermediateClassisconfinedtoroutinenon-manualworkers,personalserviceworkers,the"pettybourgeoisie",andsupervisorsofmanualworkers
WorkingClassAgriculturallaborersandskilled,semi-skilled,orunskilledmanualwageworkerscomposeclassthree,ortheworkingclass.
AttitudestoEnglish
•IrishpeoplespeakEnglish,However,therearesomenationalisticgroupswhichbelievethatIrelandshouldbespeakingtheIrelandLanguage.
•Theyseethemselvesasacitizenandnotasasubjects.
–Theyshowpridebecauseoftheabsentofamonth.
•TheMajorReligion
–ChristianRomanCatholicchurch
•TherapiddevelopmentandsocialchangesbringanapparentrejectiontotheIrishreligiousvalue
–TheCatholicchurchhaslostitsDominance
•TheCatholicchurchholdastrongpositionoverEducation,Hospitals,Media,andoverpeoplethoughts(Irishidentity)
•PeoplebelievedintheCatholicchurchastheAlly
•CatholicChurch&State
–ThegovernmentgrantedaSpecialStatusintheconstitution(1937)
•Irishgovernmentmusthaveconsultedthechurchbeforeanylawgotinplace
(DoctrinalInterest)
–Thelostthegripbecause:
•Peoplegotwealthier
•PeopleTravelmore
•TheRepublicofIrelandjoinedtoEU
•TheReferendumof1995
–LegalProvisionforDivorce
•TheRyanReport(2009)
–ReportedabusesbytheCatholicChurch
•EducationintheRepublicofIreland
–ThelevelsofeducationinIrelandareprimary,secondaryandhigher(oftenknownas"third-level")education.Inrecentyearsfurthereducationhasgrownimmensely.
–EducationinIrelandisfreeatalllevels,includingcollege(university),butonlyforstudentsapplyingfromtheEuropeanUnion.
•TheDepartmentofEducationandSkills,underthecontroloftheMinister
IrishLanguage,Literature,andArt
•ThehistoryoftheIrishlanguagecoverstheperiodfromthearrivalofspeakers
OfCelticlanguagesinIreland
–PrimitiveIrish-OldIrish
–MedievalIrish–ModernIrish
•TheEnglishcrownbannedthelanguageinthe16theCentury
•TheDeathblowwastheGreatFamineof1845-1848(Morethantwomillion
PeoplediedoremigratedtoUSAandCanada)
•Theindecencymovementin19thecenturybroughtaself-conscious
–TheFreestate,1922madeIrishlanguageofficial.
–1950’sthegovernmentmadeamandatorytohaveacompetencelevelofIrishtoEntertoUniversity
•TheRepublicofIrelandspeaksaformofEnglishcalledHibernal--English(Irish--English)
•MostauthorwereinfactBritishbecausetheylivedandwroteinIrelandduringthetimeitwasaBritishColony.
•ThefirststoriestoldinIrelandwerewrittenandtoldcompletelyinIrish(FirstLanguage)
–TheSagaoftheTaint
•TáinBóCúailnge(TheCattleRaidofCooleyorTheTáin)isalegendarytalefromearlyIrishliterature,oftenconsideredanepic.IttellsofawaragainstUlsterbytheConnachtqueenMedeandherhusbandAilill,whointendtostealthestudbullDonnaCeilinged,opposedonlyby
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