英语文体学Word下载.docx
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英语文体学Word下载.docx
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(Thissentenceisverypompousandsententious,elevatingtheeventofJohnSmith’sdeathtoadivinestatus,probablysaidwithrespectinapoemoraformalceremony,addressinganaudienceofhighsocialstatusornobility.)
(Thissentenceisstillabitformal,withsincerelovingsentiment,expressingakindofdeepemotionfrohisfather’sdeath,addressingpeopleoforabovemiddleclassstatusinarelativelyformaloccasion.)
(Thissentenceisaeverydaykindofexpressionwithnoemotionsrevealed,saidinaninformaloccasion,addressinghispeersorfriends.)
(Thissentenceisslangy,saidinaveryinformaloccasionshowingdisrespectforhisfather.)
e.g.(3)
(1)Expectorationisforbidden.
(2)Pleasedonotspit.
(3)Nospitting.
(Thethreesentencesstatethesamefactthat:
spittingisnotallowed,but,theyareofdifferentstyles.)
e.g.(4)(参见教材P.4)
(1)Whenhisdaddied,Peterhadtogetanotherjob.
(2)Afterhisfather’sdeath,Peterhadtochangehisjob.
(3)Onthedeceaseofhisfather,Mr.Brownwasobligedtoseekalternativeemployment.
I.2DefinitionsofStyle
Somegeneralsensesoftheword“style”:
(1)Aperson’sdistinctivelanguagehabits,orthesetofindividualcharacteristicsoflanguageuse.
e.g.Shakespeare’sstyle
Hemingway’sstyle
HenryJames’sstyle
MarkTwain’sstyle
(2)Stylemayrefertoasetofcollectivecharacteristicsoflanguageuse,i.e.languagehabitssharedbyagroupofpeopleatagiventime.Heretheconcentrationisnotontheindividualofthespeakerorwriter,butontheirsimilaritiesinagivensituation.
e.g.Elizabethanstyle
thestyleofpublicspeaking
thestyleofnewsreporting
(3)Stylemarrefertoacharacteristicof“good”or“beautiful”literarywritings.
e.g.ornatestyle,grandstyle
tersestyle,lucidstyle
plainstyle
(4)Stylemayrefertotheeffectivenessofamodeofexpression,whichisimpliedinthedefinitionofstyleas‘sayingtherightthinginthemosteffectiveway’or‘goodmanners’,asa‘clear’or‘refined’styleadvocatedinmostbooksofcomposition.
Manydifferentviewsofstylefromdifferentscholars:
Lestyle,c’estI’hommememe.(Styleistheman.)(Buffon)
Styleasform.(Aristotle)(formandcontent)
Styleaseloquence.(Cicero)(skilltouselanguagepersuasively)(therelationwithrhetoric)
Styleaspersonalidiosyncrasy.(Murry)
Sayingtherightthinginthemosteffectiveway.(Enkvist)
Styleisasetofindividualcharacteristics.Itisthemanhimself.(Enkvist)
Styleasequivalence.(RomanJacobson)(betweenformandfunction)
Styleasthechoicebetweenalternativeexpressions.(Enkvist)
Styleasdeviation.(Mukarovsky&
Spitzer)
Styleasforegrounding.(LeechMukarovsky)
Styleasprominence.(Halliday)
Styleismeaningpotential.(MichaelHalliday)
Styleastheselectionsfeaturespartlydeterminedbythedemandsofgenre,form,themes,etc.(Traugott&
Pratt)
Styleaslinguisticfeaturesthatcommunicateemotionsandthought.(Enkvist)(参见教材:
P5-7)
LongmanDictionaryofAppliedLinguisticsdefinesstyleas:
“themannerofexpressioninwritingorspeakingwhichchangesatalltimesaccordingtotheactualsituationalelements,e.g.,theparticipants,time,topic,etc.ofthecommunicativeevent,fromveryformaltoveryinformal.”(见教材P.5)
TheDefinitionofstyleusedinthetextbook:
Mannerindicatingprominentlinguisticfeatures,devicesorpatterns,most(orleast)frequentlyoccurinaparticulartextofaparticularvarietyoflanguage.(见教材P.7)
e.g.(Afteraquarrelbetweenthetwolovers)
Withaflowofwords,shestartedtoarguewithhim,thenshecheckedherselfandsaidcalmly,“Listen,John,Iimagineyou’retiredofmycompany.There’snosenseinhavingteatogether.IthinkI’dbetterleaveyourighthere.”
“That’sfine,”hesaid.“Goodafternoon.”
“Good-bye.”
总结:
Sobroadlyspeaking,wecansaythat,fromtheperspectiveofthecontent,theeventsandactivitiesdescribed,styleissayingdifferentthingsindifferentways;
fromtheperspectiveofthewaysofexpressionused,styleissayingthesamethingindifferentways;
fromtheperspectiveoftheusersoflanguage,styleisdifferentspeakersusinglanguageindifferentways;
andfromtheperspectiveofthefunctionofthetext,styleisthefunctionsoftextsfordifferentpurposes.
1.3DefinitionsofStylistics
(1)Stylisticsisabranchoflinguisticswhichappliesthetheoryandmethodologyofmodernlinguisticstothestudyofstyle.
(2)Stylisticsisthestudyofvarietiesoflanguagewhosepropertiespositionthatlanguageincontext.Forexample,thelanguageofadvertising,politics,religion,individualauthors,etc.,orthelanguageofaperiodintime,allbelonginaparticularsituation.Inotherwords,theyallhave‘place’.
Stylisticsalsoattemptstoestablishprinciplescapableofexplainingtheparticularchoicesmadebyindividualsandsocialgroupsintheiruseoflanguage,suchassocialisation,theproductionandreceptionofmeaning,criticaldiscourseanalysisandliterarycriticism.
(3)Stylisticsisadisciplinethatstudiesthewaysinwhichlanguageisused;
itisadisciplinethatstudiesthestylesoflanguageinuse.
(4)Stylisticsisalinguisticapproachtoliterature,explainingtherelationbetweenlanguageandartisticfunction,withmotivatingquestionssuchas“why”and“how”morethan“what”.
----G.N.Leech:
StyleinFiction:
ALinguisticGuidetoEnglishPoetry
(5)Stylisticsisabranchoflinguisticswhichstudiestheprinciplesofchoiceandtheeffectofchoiceofdifferentlanguageelementsinrenderingthoughtandemotionunderdifferentconditionsofcommunication.(I.R.Galperin)
(6)Stylisticsisabranchoflinguisticswhichstudiesstyleinascientificandsystematicwayconcerningthemanners/linguisticfeaturesofdifferentvarietiesoflanguageatdifferentlevels.(见教材P8)
(7)Linguisticsistheacademicdisciplinethatstudieslanguagescientifically,andstylistics,asapartofthisdiscipline,studiescertainaspectsoflanguagevariation.
----D.Crystal:
InvestigatingEnglishStyle
(8)Stylistics“studiesthefeaturesofsituationallydistinctiveuses(varieties)oflanguage,andtriestoestablishprinciplescapableofaccountingfortheparticularchoicesmadebyindividualandsocialgroupsintheiruseoflanguage.”(Crystal,1980)
e.g.Housewifetomilkman:
Whichsentenceisappropriate?
a.Canyouleaveonebottleandfouryoghurtstomorrowplease?
b.Leaveonebottleandfouryoghurtstomorrowanddon’tforget.
c.Itwouldbegreatlyappreciatedifyoukindlyleaveonebottleandfouryoghurtstomorrow.
d.Wouldyouleaveonebottleandfouryoghurtstomorrow,justforme.
1.4TheDevelopmentofStylistics
Lead-inQuestions:
WhatdoyouknowaboutthestylisticstudiesinChina?
Howdoeslinguistictheoriesaffectthestudiesonstylistics?
Whatdoyouknowaboutthedifferentschoolsofthoughtsinstylistics?
IntheWest:
Modernstylisticsgotitsdevelopmentinthe19thand20thcenturiesfromrhetoricandfrominterpretationofliterature.
Rhetoric(Aristotle)
Beginning(CharlesBally)
Development(L.Spitzer)
Flourish(InvestigatingEnglishStyle)
总的来看,现代文体学是现代语言学理论与现代文学批评理论的基础之上发展起来的一种研究形态,并且处于进一步的发展之中。
InChina:
Thefirstperiod:
fromthefoundingofthePeople’sRepublicofChinatotheyear1976;
WangZuoliang(王佐良):
“OntheStudyofEnglishStyle”
Thesecondperiod:
from1977uptothepresenttime.
Achievements:
IntroductiontoEnglishStylistics---Wangzuoliang(1980)
ASurveyofStylistics---QinXiubai(1986);
EnglishStylistics---Chengyumin(1989);
Stylistics—AcoursebookforChineseEFLStudents---QianYuan(1991)
AStudyofNarratologyandFictionalStylistics---ShenDan(1998)
TheoreticalStylistics---HuZhuanglin(2000)
EssentialsofEnglishStylistics---WangShouyuan(2000)
EnglishStylistics---XuYouzhi(2005)
ASurveyofStylistics---LiuShisheng(2006)
Alargenumberofarticlesonstylisticsgotpublished.
FoundingoftheChineseAssociationofRhetoric(1980)
FoundingofChinaStylisticsAssociation(2004)
InternationalStylisticsConferenceheldin2006indicatedthedevelopmentandachievementofstylisticsinChina.
1.5TheScopeofStudy
GeneralStylistics
LiteraryStylistics
TheoreticalStylistics
●Generalstylisticsstudiesdifferentvarietiesoflanguage.Itconcentratesonthegeneralfeaturesofvarioustypesoflanguageuse,includingliterarydiscoursesandotherpracticalstyles.
●LiteraryStylistics:
Crystal(1987)observesthat,inpractice,moststylisticanalysishasattemptedtodealwiththecomplexand‘valued’languagewithinliterature,i.e.‘literarystylistics’.
Literarystylisticsstudiesvariationscharacteristicofdifferentliterarygenres.Itconcentratesontheuniquefeaturesofvariousliteraryworks,suchaspoem,novel,prose,drama,etc.,withthepurposeofpromotingliterarytextsascommunicativeacts.
Thescopeissometimesnarrowedtoconcentrateonthemorestrikingfeaturesofliterarylanguage,forinstance,its‘devia
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