英语文体学教程.docx
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英语文体学教程.docx
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英语文体学教程
Chapter1
1,whatisstyleinyouropinionaccordingtowhatwehavestudiedinthischapter
Anwser1,fromtheperspectiveofthecontent,theeventsandactivitiesdescribed,styleissayingdifferentthingsindifferentways;fromtheperspectiveofthewaysofexpressionused,styledissamethingindifferentways;fromtheperspectiveoftheusersoflanguage,styleisdifferentspeakersusinglanguageindifferentways;andfromtheperspectiveofthetext,styleisthefunctionsoftextsfordifferentpurposes.
Anwser2,thedefinitionofstyleistheconceptofstyleaschoice.thisdefinitioncanhaveatleasttoointerpretations.oneisthatfirstwehaveapre-existingthought,andthenwechoicetheappropriatetypeofexpressiontoexpressitinlanguage.Thechosenexpressionisthestyle.anotheristhatthechoicereferstothechoiceofmeaning.Thechoiceoflanguageisatthesametimeachoiceofmeaningandachoiceofstyle.
2,whatisthesignificanceofstudyingthestyleoflanguageinlearningandteachingEnglish
Anwser,theansweristhatifwewanttouselanguageappropriatelyindifferentsituations,weneedtostudystyle.asforeignlanguagelearners,ifwedisregardtherulesofusingwhatvarietyoflanguageinwhatoccasion,orfailtoobeythemthroughignorance,languagecanbecomeinsteadabarriertosuccessfulcommunication.Thereforeitsnecessarytohaveaclearawarenessofhowlanguageshouldbeusedindifferenttypesofsituationsespeciallyinunfamiliarsituations.
3,whatfactorscanresultindifferencesinstyle
Answer,1,thedifferenttypesofvocabularycreatedifferentimagesoftheeventsinthereader’smind,sotheycanresultindifferent,peoplelivingindifferentperiodsoftimeinhistorywillalsospeakdifferently,andthatwillresultinadifferentstyle.
Chapter2
1,explainthefollowingterms
1),foregrounding:
thestylisticallysignificantfeatureshavetobeprominentandmotivated,thatis,foregrounded.
2),incongruity:
thelinguisticfeaturesdepartfromthenormaluseoflanguage,breakingtherulesgrammar,spelling,pronunciation.
3)deflection:
thelinguisticfeaturesdon’tdepartfromtheestablishedgrammatical,lexicalandlogicalrulesandprinciples,buthaveanunexpectedhighfrequencyofoccurrence.
4),field;itsconcernedwithwhatishappening,includingthesubjectmatter,theeventshappenings,going-ons,thecontent,etc
5)tenor:
itsconcernedwithwhoistakingpartintheexchangeofmeaning----therelationshipbetweenthespeakerandthelistener,theirrelativestatus,theirattitude,andtheirrolerelations.
6)mode:
itsconcernedwithhowtheinteractionisconducted,thatiswhetheritiswrittenorspoken,orwhetheritisexpressedbyphonicsubstanceorgraphicsubstance.
2,questionfordiscussion
2)inrhetoricalseries,thenumberofitemscaninfluencethestylistictoanalyzethecausesonthebasisofsocialculture.
Answer:
differentnumbersofwordscanproducedifferentstylisticeffectsintheappropriatecontexts.Twoitemsexpressassertion,thatis,itisjustthis,notthat.Inappropriatesituationsthreeitemscanproduceethic,persuasive,andrepresentativeeffect.Fourormoreitemsinaseriesstressalargenumberoftheconcretethings,andthesecanproduceanimageryinthemindofthereaderthatthelargeamountofthingsconstitutesasignificantsituationinwhichcertainaspectarehighlighted.Anotherfunctionoftherhetoricalseriesistouseconcreteitemstohighlightabstractconceptssothattheabstractconceptcanbeexpressedinconcrete,livelyandvividwaytoenhancetheaestheticvalueoflanguage.
3)whatfactorsaffectthewriter’sselectionofwordsandstyle
Answer:
fivecriteriafortheselectionofwords:
whethertheyarefamiliarornotfamiliar,whethertheyareconcreteorabstract,whethertheyaresingleormore,whethertheyareshortandsimple.Orlong.WhethertheyareAnglo–saxonwordsorlatinwords.field,tenor,modeaffectthewriter’sselectionofstyle.
4)whatisthecriterionusedtoclassifywords
Answer:
wecanusemoresystematicwaytoclassifywordaccordingtoregisteranddialect.register:
field,tenor,mode.dialect:
regionaldialect,suchasLondondialect;socialdialectsuchasdialectofage,race,dialectsuchasodEnglish.
5)throughwhatchannelscanwordsbeusedtoachievetransferredmeaning
Answer:
simile:
xislikeY,egasbusyasbee.Metaphor:
XisY,egheisapig.
Synecdocheegmanyhandsrepresentthepeoplewhoworkwiththeirhands.Metonymyegpurserepresentmoney.
Chapter3
1,explainthefollowingterms
1),chiasmus:
chiasmusisformedbyinvertingthewordorderofthesecondpartofaparallelstructure,soitformsakindofantitheticalstructure.Eg:
letusnevernegotiateoutoffear,butletusneverfeartonegotiate.
2)antistrophe:
itistherepetitionofthesameitemsbutininvertedorder,eg:
what’spollytome,ormetopolly
3)epizeuxis:
itisacontinuousrepetitionforhighlightingaparticularfeature.
4)ploce:
therepetitionisnotcontinuous,butintermittentordispersedinthetext.
5)loosesentence:
putthemajorideafirstandthantheillustration.suchasentenceiseasytograsp.
6)periodicsentence:
aperiodicsentencecanbeusedtocreatesuspense,orexpectation,thusdrawingthelistener’sattentiontotheendofthecanbeusedtoproducehumorousandemphaticeffect.
2,questionfordiscussion
1),therearemanytypesofsyntacticdeflection,buttheyhaveonethingincommon:
recurrenceofstructures.Howissyntacticdeflectionclassified
Answer:
therearetwotypeofsyntacticdeflection:
theunexpectedhighfrequencyofoccurrenceofacertaintypeofsentence;andtheoverregularoccurrenceofaparticularpattern.
2)thehighfrequencyofoccurrenceoflongandshortsentencecancreatestylisticeffect.apartfromthedifferenceinexpressivemeanings,whatareothercharacteristicsofthetwotypesofsentences
Answer:
longsentencesaregoodtoprovidethedetaileddescriptions,andaregoodtorevealthementalactivitiesofthespeaker.sotheyareusedtoproduceavivid,rich,exuberant,luxuriousstyle.Shortsentence:
canproducedirect,terse,concise,cleareffectorcontinuous,compact,swifteffect,sothatitcreatescertainatmosphere,andleaveadeepimpressiononthelisteners.
3)whydowritersoftenviolatetheruleofgrammarWhatdowecalthisviolation
Answer:
wecallthisviolationsyntacticincongruity.theviolationofthegrammaticalrulescanbeusedtoproducecertainstylisticeffects.Theso-calledungrammaticalsentencesareusedtorepresentthedifferentvarietiesoflanguageaccordingtoregisteranddialect.Inliteraryworks,dialecticalandpersonalfeaturesofspeechareoftenusedtodepictthepersonalityofthecharacters.Inpoetry,thepoetoftenusesdeviantgrammaticalstructurestoachievespecialeffects,makeslinesterseandconcise,tomakeitrichinmeaning.
4)whatisthefunctionofrhetoricalquestions
Answer:
Arhetoricalquestionistousetheformofaquestioninordertoexpressastrongemotionortoemphasizeaparticularaspect.Thefunctionofinvertedsentenceistomakeadeclarativesentencemorepowerful,toattractthelistener’sattention,ortoinduceothers’sympathy.Arrangedinparallelism,rhetoricalquestionscanexpressstrongemotionsandincreasethepersuasivepower.Arhetoricalquestioncanalsointroducethetopicofthetext.
5)Inwhatwayscanweuseinvertedsentencestoachieveemphaticeffect
Answer:
tochangethenormalwordordercanbeusedtoproducesomeemphaticeffect.Whatisputtotheinitialpartofthesentenceisusuallythefocusofinformationoftheclauseandalsothethemeofheclause.Soitishighlighted.
Chapter4
1explainthefollowingterms
Synaesthesia:
itreferstothefactthatsoundssareattributedwithcertainvaluesorestheticfeatures.Itisverycasual,andsupportedbysituationalfeaturesandmeaning.
Alliteration:
referstotherepetitionoftheinitialsoundusuallyaconsonant,oravowelatfirstposition,intwoormorewordsthatoccurclosetogether.
Assonance:
referstotheuseofthesameorrelatedvowelsoundsinsuccessivewords.Itcancreateharmoniouseffect.
Consonance:
referstotherepetitionofthelastconsonantsofthestresseswordsattheendofthelines.
2questionsfordiscussion
Whatarethecharacteristicofspokenlanguageandwrittenlanguagerespectively
Answer:
spokenlanguage:
1itcandirectlybeaccompaniedbyothernon-linguisticmeansastheaid;2itisgenerallyspeakingnotasformalaswrittenlanguage;3itpermitserrorsintheprocessofproduction;4itusesaparticulargrammar,agrammarcharacteristicsofspokenlanguage.5homophonescanbeusedforspecialstylisticeffects,suchaspun;6someimplicationsarebestrepresentedbyspecialsoundfeatures;7soundfeaturecanrepresentthefeatureofregionaldialectorsocialdialect.
Writtenlanguage:
1aswrittenlanguagecommunicationisusuallynotadirectone,butisdelayedintimeandatdifferentplaces,thewritergenerallyhastimetogetwellpreparedandrevisethetextbeforehesendsitouttothereader;2asspaceislimited,ithasspecialgrammaticalfeaturessoastoputmoremeaninginit.therearemanynominalizationstomakesentencesintogroups;3writtenlanguageisoftenusedinamoreformalsituation;4astimeisenough,itisusuallywritteninamoredetailedandlogicalway;5aswrittenlanguageismorepurposeful,andforasinglespecificgoal,itisusuallymoreconstantanddevelopedaroundasinglesubject.
HowmanysoundpatternsdowehaveWhatspecialstylisticeffectscanbeachievedbythem
Answer:
thesesoundpatternsincludealliterationw
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