introduction写作方法及技巧.docx
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introduction写作方法及技巧.docx
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introduction写作方法及技巧
introduction写作方法及技巧
科技学术论文Introduction
引言的主要内容是交代此项研究的来龙去脉,简要说明课题的缘起与背景,性质与意义,动机与目的、主要理论根据及其基本原理等,同时指出相关领域内前任的研究成果、存在问题和知识空白,以表明本项研究的连续性和需要性,叙述有关本课题的历史沿革是为了温故而知新,但应注意掌握适当的范围和尺度,一般来说仅需要介绍极密切的有关史料即可,不宜泛泛赘述大量历史文献,否则会造成Introduction长而乏味。
first:
提出研究现状和此研究的重要性
second:
强调有必要解决存在的问题
third:
介绍作者自己的研究内容、提出创新性
逻辑的连贯
内容的创新
词汇简洁
时态
1.Whatisanintroduction?
Theintroductionsectionshowsthequestionsthatshouldbeansweredforthereadersoncetheyfinishreadingthe“Introduction”.
2.What’sthepurposeoftheintroduction?
Theintroductioncomesatthestartofapieceofwriting.Withoutthispart,thereadercannoteasilyunderstandthemoredetailedinformationabouttheresearchthatcomeslaterinthethesis.
Itintroduces:
(1).theresearchbysituatingit(bygivingbackground),
(2).presentingtheresearchproblem,andsayinghowandwhythisproblemwillbesolved,
(9)givesdetailsaboutthemethodology
详细描述了论文中所用的方法
(10)announcesthefindings
公布了论文的结论
6.Fourcomponentsofamodel.
(1)Establishtheimportanceofyourfield
Providebackground/facts/information(possiblyfromresearch)
Definetheterminologyinthetitle/keywords
Presenttheproblemarea/currentresearchfocus
确立研究领域的重要性
提供背景事实或信息(有可能来自现有文献)
定义题目或关键词中的术语
给出所研究问题的范畴或目前的研究重点
(2)Previousand/orcurrentresearchandcontributions
前期的研究或目前的研究及其贡献
(3)Locateagapintheresearch
Describetheproblemyouwilladdress
Presentapredictiontobetested
确定已有研究工作的空白;
描述你要解决的问题
呈现要验证的预测
(4)Describethepresentpaper
描述现在的论文
7.Grammarandwritingskills.
语法时态写作技巧
8.Vocabulary
词汇的简洁
举例三篇文章:
1.GeneexpressionprofilingandpathwayanalysisofhepatotoxicityinducedbytriptolideinWistarrats
在Wistar大鼠中,通过基因表达谱和通路分析由雷公藤甲素诱导的肝毒性
引言的主要内容是交代此项研究的来龙去脉,例如本文中,简要说明课题的缘起与背景,TP的性质
Triptolide(diterpenoidtriepoxide,TP),purifiedfromtheshrublikevineTripterygiumwilfondiiHookF(TWHF)
与药理学意义
possessesanti-inflammatory,anti-fertility,anti-neoplasticandimmunosuppressiveactivities
实验的动机
However,clinicaluseofTWHForTPhasbeenlimitedduetosevereadversereactions,suchasgastrointestinalupset,diarrhea,reproductivetoxicityandproblemsassociatedwithcirculatorysystems
目的
wehypothesizedthatliverisamajortoxictargetofTPtreatment.Thus,itisessentialtoelucidatethemechanismofTP-inducedhepatotoxicityfromasafetypointofview.
theaimofourstudywastoidentifycandidategenesassociatedwithTPtreatmentandtoprovidenovelinsightstobetterelucidatethemechanismsoftoxiceffectsofTP.
主要理论根据及其基本原理
Consideringthatmicroarraytechnologyisrecognizedasareliabletoxicologicamethodtodeterminemechanismsofdrug-inducedtoxicity,identifybiomarkersandtopredictchemicaltoxicity.Therefore,theaimofourstudywastoidentifycandidategenesassociatedwithTPtreatmentandtoprovidenovelinsightstobetterelucidatethemechanismsoftoxiceffectsofTP.
同时指出相关领域内前任的研究成果
possessesanti-inflammatory,anti-fertility,anti-neoplasticandimmunosuppressiveactivities(Chen,2001;Huynhetal.,2000;Panichakuletal.,2006).
haveemergedastreatmentsofrheumatoidarthritis,systemiclupuserythematosus,nephritis,leprosyandasthma(LipskyandTao,1997;Liuetal.,2005;Zhangetal.,2010).
clinicaluseofTWHForTPhasbeenlimitedduetosevereadversereactions,suchasgastrointestinalupset,diarrhea,reproductivetoxicityandproblemsassociatedwithcirculatorysystems(Hikimetal.,2000;Nietal.,2008;Yangetal.,2012;Zhangetal.,2011).
Recently,hepatotoxicityinducedbyvariousextractsofTWHFinanimalsandhumanshasbeenreportedbymanyresearches(Heetal.,2006;Meietal.,2005;Wangetal.,2007)
Todate,onlymitochondrialrespiratorychaininhibition,lipidperoxidation,DNAdamageandhepatocyteapoptosiswereproposedtobeinvolvedinTP-inducedliverinjury(Fuetal.,2011;Meietal.,2005;Yaoetal.,2008).等
存在问题和知识空白
Hepaticdifferentialgeneexpressionwasanalyzedusingoligonucleotidemicroarrayanalysisforover-representedfunctionsandphenotypicallyanchoredtocomplementaryhistopathologic,biochemical,anddosimetrydataintheliver.TheresultsindicatethatTPaffectsdiversecellularpathways,includinginsulinsignalingpathway,glucosemetabolism,cellcycling,oxidativestressandapoptosis.ThesedataprovideaclearerunderstandingofthemolecularmechanismsofTP-inducedhepatotoxicity,aswellasusefulinformationforpredictingdrughepatotoxicity.
以表明本项研究的连续性和需要性,叙述有关本课题的历史沿革是为了温故而知新,
Triptolide(diterpenoidtriepoxide,TP),purifiedfromtheshrublikevineTripterygiumwilfondiiHookF(TWHF),possessesanti-inflammatory,anti-fertility,anti-neoplasticandimmunosuppressiveactivities(Chen,2001;Huynhetal.,2000;Panichakuletal.,2006).Recently,themethanol/chloroform(T2)andethylacetate(EA)extractsofTWHF,inwhichTPwasidentifiedastheprincipalactivecompound,haveemergedastreatmentsofrheumatoidarthritis,systemiclupuserythematosus,nephritis,leprosyandasthma(LipskyandTao,1997;Liuetal.,2005;Zhangetal.,2010).However,clinicaluseofTWHForTPhasbeenlimitedduetosevereadversereactions,suchasgastrointestinalupset,diarrhea,reproductivetoxicityandproblemsassociatedwithcirculatorysystems(Hikimetal.,2000;Nietal.,2008;Yangetal.,2012;Zhangetal.,2011).
Recently,hepatotoxicityinducedbyvariousextractsofTWHFinanimalsandhumanshasbeenreportedbymanyresearches(Heetal.,2006;Meietal.,2005;Wangetal.,2007).Besides,Liuetal.,(2010)foundthatpotentialhepatotoxicityinratstreatedwithTPfor28dayswasassociatedwithincreasinglevelsofserumalanineaminotransferase(ALT)andaspartateaminotransferase(AST)(Liuetal.,2010).Moreover,itwasreportedthatoraladministrationofTPtoratscouldleadtoliverinjuryorevendeath(Fuetal.,2011).Inadditiontothis,ourpreviousinvestigationshowedthattheconcentrationofTPfoundinliverexceedsthoseobservedinothertissues,suchasspleen,lung,heart,andkidney(unpublisheddata).Onaccountofthis,wehypothesizedthatliverisamajortoxictargetofTPtreatment.Thus,itisessentialtoelucidatethemechanismofTP-inducedhepatotoxicityfromasafetypointofview.
Unfortunately,itsunderlingmechanismsarestillinsufficientlyrecognized.Todate,onlymitochondrialrespiratorychaininhibition,lipidperoxidation,DNAdamageandhepatocyteapoptosiswereproposedtobeinvolvedinTP-inducedliverinjury(Fuetal.,2011;Meietal.,2005;Yaoetal.,2008).Consideringthatmicroarraytechnologyisrecognizedasareliabletoxicologicamethodtodeterminemechanismsofdrug-inducedtoxicity,identifybiomarkersandtopredictchemicaltoxicity(Leeetal.,2010;Wangetal.,2011).Therefore,theaimofourstudywastoidentifycandidategenesassociatedwithTPtreatmentandtoprovidenovelinsightstobetterelucidatethemechanismsoftoxiceffectsofTP.
Here,wedescribegenome-widegeneexpressionintheTP-exposedWistarfemaleratliver.Differentialgeneexpressionwasevaluatedin6-week-oldfemaleWistarratliversfollowing14daysofcontinuousexposuretolargedosesofTP.Hepaticdifferentialgeneexpressionwasanalyzedusingoligonucleotidemicroarrayanalysisforover-representedfunctionsandphenotypicallyanchoredtocomplementaryhistopathologic,biochemical,anddosimetrydataintheliver.TheresultsindicatethatTPaffectsdiversecellularpathways,includinginsulinsignalingpathway,glucosemetabolism,cellcycling,oxidativestressandapoptosis.ThesedataprovideaclearerunderstandingofthemolecularmechanismsofTP-inducedhepatotoxicity,aswellasusefulinformationforpredictingdrughepatotoxicity.
2.综述
Bloodvessels,apotentialtherapeutictargetinrheumatoidarthritis?
血管,类风湿性关节炎潜在的治疗靶标?
Introduction
Rheumatoidarthritis(RA)canbedefinedasadiseaseofthebloodvessels,bothmicro-andmacro-vessels.Theformationofnewmicro-vesselsisinfactnecessarytoaffordthenutritionalsupplytoproliferatingsynovialpannus,whilemacro-vesselsarethesitewhereacceleratedatherosclerosisdrivenbydisease’ssystemicinflammationdevelops.Newvesselsformationononeside,andatheroscleroticplaqueprogressionontheother,mightseemtwodifferentbiologicalphenomena,thefirstrelatedtothearticularinvolvementofthedisease,thesecondtoitsmainsystemiccomplication.Inthiscontext,targetingbloodvesselsinRAmightmeaneitherattemptingtoreducesynovialvascularsupplystarvingthesynovialpannuslimitingitsproliferationor,intheothercase,tryingtolimitmacro-vessels’damageoutsidethejoint.Inthisreviewwewillanalysethepossibilityoftargetingsynovialmicrovesselstotreatrheumatoidarthritis,butwewilldiscussaswelltheevidencesupportingalinkbetweenmicro-andmacro-vascularinvolvementsinRA.
综述的介绍,介绍所提到物质的基本概念,简要说明课题的缘起与背景,RA与血管生成相关,与血管生成的必要性,在这里,说明该文章立题的主要依据与主要原理,并提出在此综述中接下来会说到的内容,如:
作者将分析滑膜微血管治疗类风湿关节炎的可能性,且讨论,血管与RA微观和宏观之间联系的证据。
概念由浅入深,词汇简介,介绍基本概念时使用一般时态,提到文章后续会介绍的内容时使用将来时,对未来内容的展望。
3.介绍功能性文章
DissectionofTNFReceptor1EffectorFunctions:
JNKActivationIsNotLinkedtoApoptosisWhileNF-kBActivationPreventsCellDeath
肿瘤坏死因子受体1的效应功能:
NF-kB的活化阻止细胞死亡,JNK活化未关联凋亡
这篇文章的简介有1318词,系统的介绍了TNF的含义,分类,受体类型,相关的两个转录因子,AP-1、NF-kB、TNF所经过的通路,通路中所涉及的许多其他细胞因子,由于是介绍功能性文章,这样的背景知识很重要,所以虽然Introduction很长,但是有意义。
逻辑连贯由各部分功能连接到总体功能,均采用一般时介绍,时态统一。
Tumornecrosisfactor(TNF)isacytokineproducedbymanycelltypes,includingmacrophages,monocytes,lymphoidcells,andfibroblasts,inresponsetoinflamma-tion,infection,andotherenvironmentalchallenges(Tra-ceyandCerami,1993).TNFelicitsawidespectruoforganismalandcellularresponses,
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- 关 键 词:
- introduction 写作 方法 技巧