托福阅读练习6.docx
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托福阅读练习6.docx
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托福阅读练习6
Part1
Questions31-40
TherearemanytheoriesaboutthebeginningofdramainancientGreece.Theone
mostwidelyacceptedtodayisbasedontheassumptionthatdramaevolvedfromritual.
Theargumentforthisviewgoesasfollows.Inthebeginning,humanbeingsviewed
thenaturalforcesoftheworld,eventheseasonalchanges,asunpredictable,andthey
(5)soughtthroughvariousmeans,tocontroltheseunknownandfearedpowers.Those
measureswhichappearedtobringthedesiredresultswerethenretainedandrepeated
untiltheyhardenedintofixedrituals.Eventuallystoriesarosewhichexplainedor
veiledthemysteriesoftherites.Astimepassedsomeritualswereabandoned,but
thestories,latercalledmyths,persistedandprovidedmaterialforartanddrama.
(10)Thosewhobelievethatdramaevolvedoutofritualalsoarguethatthoserites
containedtheseedoftheaterbecausemusic,dance,masks,andcostumeswerealmost
alwaysused.Furthermore,asuitablesitehadtobeprovidedforperformances,and
whentheentirecommunitydidnotparticipate,acleardivisionwasusuallymade
betweenthe"actingarea"andthe"auditorium."Inaddition,therewereperformers,
(15)andsinceconsiderableimportancewasattachedtoavoidingmistakesintheenactment
ofrites,religiousleadersusuallyassumedthattask.Wearingmasksandcostumes,they
oftenimpersonatedotherpeople,animals,orsupernaturalbeings,andmimedthedesired
effect-successinhuntorbattle,thecomingrain,therevivaloftheSun-asanactor
might.Eventuallysuchdramaticrepresentationswereseparatedfromreligious
(20)activities.
Anothertheorytracesthetheater'soriginfromthehumaninterestinstorytelling.
Accordingtothisview,tales(aboutthehunt,war,orotherfeats)aregradually
elaboratedatfirstthroughtheuseofimpersonation,action,anddialoguebyanarrator
andthenthroughtheassumptionofeachoftherolesbyadifferentperson.Aclosely
(25)relatedtheorytracestheatertothosedancesthatareprimarilyrhythmicaland
gymnasticorthatareimitationsofanimalmovementsandsounds.
31.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?
(A)Theoriginsoftheater
(B)Theroleofritualinmoderndance
(C)Theimportanceofstorytelling
(D)Thevarietyofearlyreligiousactivities
32.Theword"they"inline4refersto
(A)seasonalchanges
(B)naturalforces
(C)theories
(D)humanbeings
33.Whataspectofdramadoestheauthordiscussin
thefirstparagraph?
(A)Thereasondramaisoftenunpredictable
(B)Theseasonsinwhichdramaswereperformed
(C)Theconnectionbetweenmythsanddramatic
plots
(D)Theimportanceofcostumesinearlydrama
34.WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedas
acommonelementoftheaterandritual?
(A)Dance
(B)Costumes
(C)Music
(D)Magic
35.Theword"considerable"inline15isclosestin
meaningto
(A)thoughtful
(B)substantial
(C)relational
(D)ceremonial
36.Theword"enactment"inline15isclosestin
meaningto
(A)establishment
(B)performance
(C)authorization
(D)season
37.Theword"they"inline16refersto
(A)mistakes
(B)costumes
(C)animals
(D)performers
38.Accordingtothepassage,whatisthemain
differencebetweenritualanddrama?
(A)Ritualusesmusicwhereasdramadoesnot.
(B)Ritualisshorterthandrama.
(C)Ritualrequiresfewerperformersthandrama.
(D)Ritualhasareligiouspurposeanddramadoes
not.
39.Thepassagesupportswhichofthefollowing
statements?
(A)Noonereallyknowshowthetheaterbegan.
(B)Mythsarenolongerrepresenteddramatically.
(C)Storytellingisanimportantpartofdance.
(D)Dramaticactivitiesrequiretheuseofcostumes.
40.Whereinthepassagedoestheauthordiscussthe
separationofthestageandtheaudience?
(A)Lines8-9
(B)Lines12-14
(C)Lines19-20
(D)Lines22-24
Questions41-50
StaggeringtasksconfrontedthepeopleoftheUnitedStates,NorthandSouth,when
theCivilWarended.Aboutamillionandahalfsoldiersfrombothsideshadtobe
demobilized,readjustedtocivilianlife,andreabsorbedbythedevastatedeconomy.
Civilgovernmentalsohadtobeputbackonapeacetimebasisandinterferencefrom
(5)themilitaryhadtobestopped.
ThedesperateplightoftheSouthhaseclipsedthefactthatreconstructionhadtobe
undertakenalsointheNorth,thoughlessspectacularly.Industrieshadtoadjustto
peacetimeconditions:
factorieshadtoberetooledforcivilianneeds.
FinancialproblemsloomedlargeinboththeNorthandtheSouth.Thenationaldebt
(10)hadshotupfromamodest$565millionin1861,theyearthewarstarted,tonearly$3
billionin1865,theyearthewarended.Thiswasacolossalsumforthosedaysbutone
thataprudentgovernmentcouldpay.Atthesametime,wartaxeshadtobereducedto
lessburdensomelevels.
Physicaldevastationcausedbyinvadingarmies,chieflyintheSouthandborder
(15)states,hadtoberepaired.Thisherculeantaskwasultimatelycompleted,butwith
discouragingslowness.
Otherimportantquestionsneededanswering.Whatwouldbethefutureofthefour
millionblackpeoplewhowerefreedfromslavery?
OnwhatbasisweretheSouthern
statestobebroughtbackintotheUnion?
(20)WhatoftheSouthernleaders,allofwhomwereliabletochargesoftreason?
One
oftheseleaders.JeffersonDavis,presidentoftheSouthernConfederacy,wasthe
subjectofaninsultingpopularNorthernsong,"HangJeffDavisfromaSourApple
Tree."andevenchildrensangit.Daviswastemporarilychainedinhisprisoncell
duringtheearlydaysofhistwo-yearimprisonment.ButheandtheotherSouthern
(25)leaderswerefinallyreleased,partlybecauseitwasunlikelythatajuryfromVirginia,a
SouthernConfederatestate,wouldconvictthem.Alltheleaderswerefinallypardoned
byPresidentJohnsonin1868inanefforttohelpreconstructioneffortsproceedwithas
littlebitternessaspossible.
41.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?
(A)Wartimeexpenditures
(B)ProblemsfacingtheUnitedStatesafterthe
war
(C)Methodsofrepairingthedamagecausedby
thewar
(D)Theresultsofgovernmenteffortstorevive
theeconomy
42.Theword"Staggering"inline1isclosestin
meaningto
(A)specialized
(B)confusing
(C)various
(D)overwhelming
43.Theword"devastated"inline3isclosestin
meaningto
(A)developing
(B)ruined
(C)complicated
(D)fragile
44.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowing
statementsaboutthedamageintheSouth
iscorrect?
(A)ItwasworsethanintheNorth.
(B)Thecostwaslessthanexpected.
(C)Itwascenteredintheborderstates.
(D)Itwasremediedratherquickly.
45.Thepassagereferstoallofthefollowingas
necessarystepsfollowingtheCivilWarEXCEPT
(A)helpingsoldiersreadjust
(B)restructuringindustry
(C)returninggovernmenttonormal
(D)increasingtaxes
46.Theword"task"inline15refersto
(A)raisingthetaxlevel
(B)sensiblefinancialchoices
(C)wisedecisionsaboutformerslaves
(D)reconstructionofdamagedareas
47.Whydoestheauthormentionapopularsong
inlines22-23
(A)TogiveanexampleofaNorthernattitude
towardstheSouth
(B)ToillustratetheNorthernloveofmusic
(C)Toemphasizetheculturaldifferencesbetween
theNorthandtheSouth
(D)TocomparetheNorthernandSouthern
presidents
48.Theword"them"inline26refersto
(A)charges
(B)leaders
(C)days
(D)irons
49.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthe
phrase"…itwasunlikelythatajuryfrom
Virginia,aSouthernConfederatestate,would
convictthem"(lines25-26)?
(A)VirginiansfeltbetrayedbyJeffersonDavis.
(B)ApopularsonginsultedVirginia.
(C)Virginianswereloyaltotheirleaders.
(D)AlloftheVirginiamilitaryleadershadbeen
putinchains.
50.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatPresident
JohnsonpardonedtheSouthernleadersinorderto
(A)raisemoneyfortheNorth
(B)repairthephysicaldamageintheSouth
(C)preventNorthernleadersfrompunishingmore
Southerners
(D)helpthenationrecoverfromthewar
Part2
Questions1-13
Atmosphericpressurecansupportacolumnofwaterupto10metershigh.But
plantscanmovewatermuchhigher:
thesequoiatreecanpumpwatertoitsverytop,
morethan100metersabovetheground.Untiltheendofthenineteenthcentury,the
movementofwaterintreesandothertallplantswasamystery.Somebotanists
(5)hypothesizedthatthelivingcellsofplantsactedaspumps.Butmanyexperiments
demonstratedthatthestemsofplantsinwhichallthecellsarekilledcanstillmove
watertoappreciableheights.Otherexplanationsforthemovementofwaterinplants
havebeenbasedonrootpressure,apushonthewaterfromtherootsatthebottomof
theplant.Butrootpressureisnotnearlygreatenoughtopushwatertothetopsoftall
(10)trees.Furthermore,theconifers,whichareamongthetallesttrees,haveunusuallylow
rootpressures.
Ifwaterisnotpumpedtothetopofatalltree,andifitisnotpushedtothetopofa
talltree,thenwemayask:
Howdoesitgetthere?
Accordingtothecurrentlyaccepted
cohesion-tensiontheory,waterispulledthere.Thepullonarisingcolumnofwaterina
(15)plantresultsfromtheevaporationofwateratthetopoftheplant.Aswaterislostfrom
thesurfaceoftheleaves,anegativepressure,ortension,iscreated.Theevaporated
waterisreplacedbywatermovingfrominsidetheplantinunbrokencolumnsthat
extendfromthetopofaplanttoitsroots.Thesameforcesthatcreatesurfacetension
inanysampleofwater
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